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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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energy resource |
any part of the environment that can be used to meet human needs, resources that can be classed as non renewable or renewable |
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energy reserve
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that part of the resource that is available for use |
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recoverable reserve (energy) |
the amounts of a mineral likely to be extracted for commercial use within a certain time period |
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renewable energy |
resources that have a natural rate of availability and do not harm the environment |
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fossil fuels |
oil, natural gas and coal formed from a plant and animal remains in previous geological years
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primary energy |
energy in raw resources such as oil or gas that are used to produce secondary energy |
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secondary energy |
manufactured sources of power such as electricity or petroleum (transformed energy), from one to another e.g. wind to electricity
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stock resource |
a term used to describe non-renewable resources, coal and oil |
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flow resource
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neither renewable or non-renewable becuase they must be used when, as and they occur, such as water, sunlight and wind
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energy production
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how much energy is being produced (transformation of one to another) and can be doen in a variety of ways |
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energy consumption
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how much energy is being used or consumed
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_______________ ______ and __________ dominate the UK energy supply with over ________ of the total coming from those two
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oil 70% |
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renewable resources in the UK have increased but only account for ________ of the total
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2% |
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until recently __________ was th emost important renewable in the UK but now it is ____________
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biofuel |
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_________ is the thord largest contributor to UK renewable energy |
wind |
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name 4 renewable energies |
tidal geothermal solar hydro-electric biomass biofuels |
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name 4 non-renewable energies
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diesel petrol coal nuclear power |
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name 2 primary and 2 secondary energies |
secondary: diesel, petrol |
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energy mix
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the combination of energy sources used by a country |
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why has the use of coal changed in the UK? |
- declined in use - not used much in industry - technology that used coal has been superceded - availability has decreased - expensive to mine in the UK (cheaper abroad) - high in sulphur dioxide which contributes to acid rain - puts particulates into the air which cause health problems |
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why has the use of oil changed in the UK? |
- declined in use - UK producing less of it - imported from the middle east and so trying to reduce reliance on it for 'energy security' - oil is relatively polluting producing CO2 and sulphur which contribute to acid rain |
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why has the use of gas changed in the UK? |
- grown significantly as an energy source - cleanest fossil fuel to burn (still has CO2 but not much sulphur which reduces acid rain) - doesn't release many particulates - production increased due to availability in the North Sea - relatively cheap - cost of gas fired power stsations is relatively low compared to nuclear power station - quicker to get running |
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why has the use of nuclear power changed in the UK? |
- can supply a consistent amount of energy 24/7 - can fulfil need of the base load - not expanded becuase: - hard to get rid of waste producued - cost of building them is expensive - will expand as new ones are built as old ones have reached life span - 0 carbon emission |
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why has the use of renewables changed in the UK? |
- more environmentally friendly (help reduce climate change) - can be carbon neutral - pushed by government - more sustainable than other sources |
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why has enrgy use grown generally in the UK?
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- economic growth (more technologies used) - more devices that use energy around |
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what has caused the energy change in the different sectors in the UK? |
- air travel and shipping have all grown - large factories closed down (de-industrialisation) - energy efficiency and conservation have been increased |
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what factors have affected UK energy sources?
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- environmental factors - availability - technology advancements - energy security |
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oil field |
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barrel of oil
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term used to summarise the amount of energy that is equivalent to the amount of energy in a barrel of crude oil - approx. 159 litres in on barrel |
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oil rig |
a structure with equipment for drilling an oil well, an oil platform |
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offshore oil platform |
drilling rig consisting of an offshore platform (floating or fixed) from which many oil wells are bored |
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oil refinery |
an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refine into more useful products such as gasoline and diesel |
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per capita oil consumption |
total oil consumed per day in barrels per 1000 people |
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tonnes of oil equivalent |
unit of energy defined as the amount of energy released by burning one tonnes of crude oil |
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OPEC |
organisation of petroleum exporting countries that aim to manage the supply of oil in an effort to set the price of oil on th eworld market to avoid fluctuation |
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cartel |
an association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition |
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finite resource |
there isn't an endless supply of it for example oil |
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Peak Oil |
the hypothetical point in time when the global production of oil reaches its maximum rate, after whioch production will gradually decline |
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Alaskan Pipeline |
an oil pipeline that runs 800 miles from oil reserves in Prudhoe Bay on the north coast of Alaska to port Valdez in south Alaska from which oil can be shipped to market |
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the __________ ____________ is the world's largest oil producer providing nearly _____ of the world's total |
one third |
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_________ ____________ possesses _______ of the world's known oil reserves
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25% |
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name the top 5 oil producers |
Russia United States Iran Mexico |
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name the top 5 oil consumers |
China Japan Germany Russia |
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factors affecting world oil price |
- conflict / political unrest - how economical extraction is - technological advancements |
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factors affecting world oil consumption |
- technological advancements - political instability - price of oil - environmental treaties |
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CS
what were the issues affecting global oil supplies in the 1970s? |
Egypt and Syria invaded Israel and when USA backed Israel, Saudi Arabia cut the supply and they were the head of OPEC so oil prices rose |
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CS
why were multinational oil companies vital for the development of North Sea oil? |
- had the knowledge needed to drill - British ship yards didn't have facilties - they got the job done |
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CS what were the technological challenges in order to exploit North Sea oil? |
- it was deeper than orignally thought - weather meant the rig had to be bigger so people didn't have to leave |
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CS
how much did the UK earn from North Sea oil between 1975 and 1980? |
nothing, it all went to the American Oil Companies who were promised the payback of their investment by the Ted Heath Conservative government |
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CS why was the British National Oil Corporation set up? |
to ensure the oil was owned by the country rather than by the oil companies |
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how and why have companies like BP changed their image?
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they are also investing in renewable energy sources so when oil runs out they can keep going |
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CS how has new technology aided North Sea oil production? |
ROVs are used instead of divers as it is safe and cheaper |
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CS
benefits of North Sea oil to the UK |
- british government uses oil (reduces strain on other resources) - brings money in if exported |
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CS
future of north sea oil |
- currently owned by UK - reached its peak in around 2000 - reserves are running out so decommisioning is starting |
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CS mulitnational oil companies and North Sea oil |
- BP changed image so more environmentally aware - helped with building first oil rigs - US oil companies earned £1 billion each year - Shell got biggest corporate profit ever |
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CS new technologies and North Sea oil |
- ROVs and AUVs - lager drilling rigs - new drill technologies - undersea pipelines |
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ROVs and AUVs
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remote operated vehicles allow deeper drilling and are safter and cheaper
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how long the oil will lat relies on two things. they are...
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rate of consumption |
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what is BP's estimate of global oil supply?
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1.658 trillion barrels of crude oil which will last 53.3 years |
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what are the drawbacks of Shale-Oil production? |
they use chemicals and metals that many fear poison nearby soil and groudwater and generate huge amounts of toxic wasterwater |
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known resources |
oil that is known to be economically and technologically extractable now |
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ultimate recovery |
the maximum amount of oil that can be extracted with the technology that will be developed in the future |
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geo politics |
international relations between countries involving issues of territory and/or resources |
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3 examples of geo-political issues over energy resources |
- the river tigris -BTC pipeline |
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CS Arctic Ocean |
- beyong the 200km there is dispute about who owns it - the sea floor unde there is important as it holds known oil reserves - melting ice caps make it more accessible |
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CS geo-political issues over energy resources The River Tigris |
- dispute over how it is used - Turkey is building dams along their stretch of the river - this means the countries downstream don't get the full potential of the river - the Ilisu Dam is contreversial as it provides HEP for Turkey but disadvantages countries downstream |
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CS name the countries the BTC pipeline flows through |
- azerbaijan - georgia - turkey |
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CS the BTC pipeline is backed by Western governments due to ________ __________ |
energy security |
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CS the BTC pipeline is backed by multinational oil firms due to the ________ __________ |
huge profit
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CS describe the path of the BTC pipeline |
runs from Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, via near Tibisi, the capital of Georgia, and aross eastern Turkey to the port of Ceyhan, on Turkey's Mediterranean coast |
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CS two reasons for the placement of the BTC pipeline |
- conflict in Armenia |
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why is there envrionmental concern regarding the BTC pipeline? |
it goes through a highly active siesmic zone and so if an earthquake were to occur then it might cause a rupture to the pipe and widespread damage |
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CS how many miles of subsea power lines have been planned? |
1000 |
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CS why have the interconnectors been planned? |
to reduce the electricity bills of the UK |
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TNCs |
transnational corporation, a.k.a. multinational corporation, is a company that has productive assests in more than one country e.g. coal mines, supermarkets |
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vertical intergration |
when a TNC owns all phases in the supply chain - exploration - production - refining - transport - retailing |
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why is there sometimes contreversy surrounding TNCs and LEDCs? |
often energy TNCs don't give the LEDC a fair price or agreeement for extracting oil in their country e.g. Nigeria is desperately poor despite having Shell in their country who have had the biggest profit ever |
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how many employees how many countries annual income for 2006 |
100 countries over 6 continents $26,172 |
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CS role of TNCs on Iraqi Oil how did they help? |
- technical assisstance - 3D seismic surveying technology - world class technology - constructed pipelines, processing plants and shipping terminals |
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CS role of TNCs on Iraqi Oil production of oil? |
set to quadruple in 7 years from 2.5 millions barrels a day to 10 million |
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CS role of TNCs on Iraqi Oil goof things to come out of it? |
- employing Iraqi people - Iraqi government get 25% - help to rebuild Iraq's economy |
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nuclear reactor |
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baseload |
the permanent minimum load that a power supply system is required to deliver |
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capital cost |
the total cost needed to bring a project to a commercially operable status |
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de-carbonising the economy |
the act of creating an economy base on low carbon power sources with little green house gas emissions |
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Chernobyl disaster
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on April 26th 1986 an explosion and a fire at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant released large quantities of radioactive particles into the air |
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deep geological repository
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a nuclear waste depositary excavated deep within a stable geological environment |
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nuclear waste |
waste that contain radioactive material |
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nuclear decommissioning |
the process by which a nuclear power plant site is dismantled to the point it no longer requires measures for radiation protection |
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nuclear reprocessing |
technology developed to chemically separate and recover fissionable plutonium from irradiated nuclear fuel |
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background radiation
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the radiation we are exposed to from natural sources e.g. rocks |
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critical groups |
groups that are monitored as they have the potential to be exposed to long term radiation |
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how many nuclear power stations are there in the UK currently? how many reactors do they have between them? |
16 |
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nuclear power stations are nearing there life span. where is the proposed first new one going to be built?
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hinkley point |
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how many years does it take to build a nuclear power station? |
10 but longer is needed when planning is taken into account so around 15 years |
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what is the element at the core of a nuclear reactor? |
uranium |
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how does a nuclear power station work?
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what do the control rods in a nuclear reactor do?
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they speed or slow the fission reaction |
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name the 6 biggest uranium mining countries |
- Australia - Kazakhstan - Russia - Niger - Namibia |
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top 3 countries that rely on nuclear power
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France Lithuania Slovakia |
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advantages of nuclear power |
- provides base load of electricity - reliable - no greenhouse gas emissions on daily runnings - centralised control (controlled from one site and produced on a few sites) |
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disadvantages of nuclear power |
- travel of uranium (emissions) - health issues with uranium mining - spectre of Chernobyl - radioactive waste |
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arguments for the deep geological repository in Cumbria
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- one of least densely populated areas in UK - money given to community - £295 million Sellafield's contribution to local economy each year - safest method of storage |
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arguments against the deep geological repository in Cumbria |
- landscape affected - tourism affected - labelling area as storage waste site - tourism contributes more to economy than nuclear industry |
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emissions from nuclear sites present a risk to health that is _____ _________ __________
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less than trivial |
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2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill how many barrels leaked |
5 million, 3.9 of which were BP |
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CS
2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill how many people died |
11 |
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CS 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill how long did it take for the well to be sealed |
5 months |
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CS 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill trans-ocean and BP had to pay fines and set aside money, how much? |
BP set aside $43 billion |
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environmental impacts of fossil fuels |
- greenhouse gases - climate change - acid rain caused by sulphur emissions - mining and quarrying destroys habitats - threat to human and animal health from particulates - polluted run off water |
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acid rain
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a form of precipitation described as acidic as it has a PH of less than 5.6 |
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how can acid rain affect human health? |
the smog which is acidic can affect airways and lung function |
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how can acid rain affect ecosystems? |
disrupts food chain forest canopy and foliage damaged meaning tree health deteriorates and animals lose habitats |
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trans boundary pollutant |
pollution crossing national borders such as UK acidic pollution being carried to central Europe and Scandinavia |
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externability
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the consequence of an industrial or commercial activity which affects other parties e.g. industries burning fuel which causes pollution |
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global dimming
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the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at the Earth's surface |
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emissions legislation |
legal requirements governing air pollutants released into the atmosphere |
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Asian Brown Cloud
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a brownish haze composed of a mix of pollutants that hangs over Asia |
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why are some places more vulnerable to acid rain than others? |
location and physical characteristics of the region |
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how does location affect vulnerability to acid rain? |
also areas of high industrialisation have high acid rain levels like China |
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how do the physical characteristics of a region affect vulnerability to acid rain?
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places that have lots of limestone, chalk and some clay soils are less vulnerable to the affects of acid rain as they are buffered against it as they have an alkali or neutral PH |
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carbon neutral
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making or resulting in no release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, especially as a result of carbon off setting (no net additional carbon) |
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energy crops
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a plant grown as a low cost and low maintenance harvest used to make biofuels, such as bioethanol, or combusted for its energy to generate electricity |
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government subsidy
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a benefit given by the gov to groups or individuals usually to remove a burden |
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feed-in tariff |
a payment made to households or businesses generating their own electricity through renewable resources that goes back into grid |
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tidal lagoon
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a harbour type structure closing off a tidal are and incorporating hydro turbines through which the sea moves to generate electricity |
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Severn barrage |
refers to a range of ideas for building a barrage from the English coast to the Welsh coast over the Severn tidal estuary |
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solar farm |
an installation or area of land in which a large number of solar panels are set up in order to generate electricity |
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photovoltaic cell |
a cell that converts solar energy into electrical energy |
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the UK is currently responsible for ______ of the world's global greenhouse gases emissions despite having only ____ of the population
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1% |
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biomass energy |
living plants and decaying vegetable matter are greatest bulk of earth's biomass |
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UK targets when it comes to renewables and climate change
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increase use of them by 15% by 2020 to do this 30% of energy produced has to come from renewables by 2020 reduce greenhouse gas emissions - Kyoto Protocol: reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 34% by 2020 |
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name renewables already in use in the UK
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- HEP - biomass - biofuels - solar |
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name potential renewables for the UK
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- geothermal - wave |
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why should the UK take full advantage of wind power? |
because it has some of the strongest winds in Europe particularly in the north and coastal areas |
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about how much of total energy in the UK comes from wind energy?
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6%
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the UK are the 3rd largest in Europe in terms of capacity to generate electricity in Europe, true of false? |
true |
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what is the average height of a wind turbine in the UK and how much energy does it produce? |
2MW of energy - enough to power 1500 homes |
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factors to consider when deciding on the location of a wind farm |
- closeness to settlements - altitude of land - cheap land to build on - average wind speed of area - how far it is inland - ground conditions - accessibility for construction - access to grid - construction costs (offshore/onshore) |
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examples of traditional fuels |
charcoal animal waste vegetable waste |
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two problems with using wood as a fuel
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- lead to respiratory and health problems if burned inside |
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where are fuel-wood dependent countries found? |
- world's poorest and under developed countries - poorest part of south Asia |
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impacts of using fuel wood
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- indoor air pollution can lead to respiratory diseases - unproductive time spent collecting firewood |
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causes of fuel wood crisis
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- population growth - urbanisation - rise in world oil prices - falling value of exports |
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impacts of fuel wood crisis |
- commercial cutting is often illegal and unsustainable - soil erosion - loss of ecosystems - seasonal drought and flooding |
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appropriate technology
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biogas |
gaseous fuel, especially methane, produced by the fermentation of organic matter |
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micro-hydro scheme |
schemes to produce/supply electricity to small settlements using the natural flow of water that typically produce up to 100 kW of electricity
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fuel wood crisis |
where the supply for wood that is used as a fuel and burned can't be net as deforestation is happening too quickly |
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desertification |
the over cultivation of the land that made it turn into a dry and arid area cause by both human and physical factors |
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community forest project
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any situation which intimately involves local people in a forestry activity. It embraces a spectrum of situations ranging from woodlots in areas which are short of wood and other forest products for local needs, through the growing of trees at the farm level to provide cash crops and the processing of forest products at the household, artisan or small industry level to generate income, to the activities of forest dwelling communities
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CS Karnataka, India what type of appropriate technology was used there? |
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CS Karnataka, India why was biogas appropriate? |
- creates jobs for locals - fits in with socially acceptable standards - reduces smoke in houses - can be provided for free - saves forest from further destruction - saves women and children walking everyday - can be used to create fertilisers - all families have access |
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CS Peru, practical action what appropriate technology was used? |
micro-hydro system |
