Architecture History

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Maison Carrée
Nimes, France
c. 20 BCE
Roman (Republic)
Unknown Architect

- Roman architecture that models after Greek architecture. Bilaterally symmetric with a column-entablature build. Raised on a stereobate and use of engaged columns to mimic the Greek method of columns all around. Roman qualities include a single entrance with a direct entryway, and placed within a more urban area.
** connect to Etruscan: rectangular cella with a front porch at one end with one flight of stairs.
-Corinthian Columns
- Originally a temple to Gaius and Lucius, but rededicated as a Christian Church.
- instead of stairs surrounding the building, there is only one flight of stairs leading to one entrance.

Hint 1

Maison Carrée

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Temple of Vesta
Tivoli, Italy
c. 1st century BCE
Roman (Imperial)
Unknown Architect

- A circular temple devoted to the goddess Vesta (Hestia) of harvest. Very rural and secluded, more Greek like.

Hint 2

Temple of Vesta

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Pont du Gard
Nimes, France (near)
c. Late 1st century CE
Roman (Imperial)
Architect Unknown

- An example of Roman engineering and problem solving. The Pont du Gard is part of an aqueduct that transports water only by power of gravity.
- built with arcades: linear series of arches
- brought water to every person in Nimes
- arches are all different widths to accommodate the changing ground.

Hint 3

Pont du Gard

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Pantheon
Rome, Italy
c. 120-130 CE
Roman (High Imperial)
Apollodorus of Damascus

- temple to Mars, Venus, and the divine Julius Caesar
- created during the emperors Trajan and Hadrian
- Built by Marcus Agrippa advised by Augustus, but after fire it was demolished. Then, it was recreated by Apollodorus of Damascus.
- Oculus at top, circular dome that is half of the inscribed sphere of the entire building.
- meant to be a haven from the outside world, the oculus becomes the "sun"
- floor is slightly slanted to drain water coming from the oculus.
-

Hint 4

Pantheon

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Forum of Trajan
Rome, Italy
c. 110-113 CE
Roman (Imperial)
Apollodorus of Damascus (Commissioned by Trajan)

- Entrance, Courtyard, Basilica, Two libraries, Market.
- Last and largest imperial forum.
- Emperor Trajan, but ended with Hadrian.
- The purpose of forum is to honor Trajan.
- Straight central axis leads from the Forum of Augustus through a triple arched gate that leads into a colonnaded square with a statue of Trajan on horseback.

Hint 5

Forum of Trajan

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Trajan's Column
Rome, Italy
c. 110-113 CE
Roman
Apollodorus of Damascus

- spirals upwards in a band, representative of a scrolls housed in the libraries next to it.
- more than 2500 individual figured linked by landscape and architecture.
- nature and architectural elements in the scene. people are larger and everything else is in small detail
- it is hollow with a winding staircase within to reach the platform above.

Hint 6

Trajan's Column

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Basilica Ulpia
Rome, Italy
c. 110-113 CE
Roman
Apollodorus of Damascus

- North end of the forum.
- Dedicated in 112 CE
- Named after Trajan's Family
- Adaptable for a variety of administrative functions: more public. (assemblies, court of law, speeches, audience hall, army drill hall, school)
- includes a large nave with a clerestory on top.
- there are apses at each end.

Hint 7

Basilica Ulpia

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Markets of Trajan
Rome, Italy
c. 100-110 CE
Roman
Apollodorus of Damascus

- part of the commercial forum had to be moved to make way for Trajan's forum, as compensation he built another market.
- more than 150 individual shops
- was created with concrete, faced with brick.
- included a large groin-vaulted main hall and several levels.

Hint 8

Markets of Trajan

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Flavian Amphitheater/Colosseum
Rome, Italy
c. 70-80 CE
Roman (Imperial)
Vespasian, Titus

- it was an arena
- floor laid over a base of service rooms and tunnels.
- floor covered by sand to absorb blood, it can be flooded if needed.
- Change from Nero's private royal lake to a public area of entertainment
- series of engaged columns on hte outside: doric on bottom, ionic in middle, corinthian on top. etablature like friezes marked the divisions between levels. - all purely decorative, not holding up building (actually uses arches)
- three levels of seating laid over barrel vaulted access corridors and entrance tunnels. efficient passage
-huge velarium: a huge shade/auning to keep it cooler
- example of Roman engineering

Hint 9

Flavian Amphiteater/Colosseum

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Arch of Titus
Rome, Italy
c. 80 CE
Roman (imperial)
Unknown Architect (possibly Rabirius) Commissioned by Domitian

- To honor the capture of Jerusalem in 70 CE by Domitian's Brother and Deified predecessor Titus.
- Part architecture, part sculpture, distinctly roman.
- To celebrate victory
- Made of concrete, faced with marble.
- Entrance covered by a single barrel vault.
- engaged columns supporting an entablature
- Relief on inside of arch depicts story of Romans carrying off sacred treasures from the temple in Jerusalem.

Hint 10

Arch of Titus

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Arch of Constantine
Rome, Italy
c. 312-315 CE
Roman (Late Empire)
Unknown Architect

- Commemorate Constantine's victory over Maxentius.
- A huge triple arch, often dwarfs the nearby Arch of Titus.
- Shows progression of Roman engineering
- three barrel-vaulted passageways
- flanked by columns on high pedestal.
- Senate commissioned it, not something from himself.
- New reliefs were made for the arch to recount the story of Constantine's victory that were run in strips underneath the reused Hadrianic tondi.
- It is a recycled sculpture.

Hint 11

Arch of Constantine

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House-Synagogue
Dura-Europos, Syria
c. 250 CE
Jewish
Architect Unknown

Hint 12

House-Synagogue

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House Church
Dura-Eurorpos, Syria
c. 250 CE
Christian
Architect Unknown

Hint 13

House Church

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Catacomb of Priscilla
Rome, Italy
c. 2nd century CE
Roman
Architect Unknown

-paintings depict last supper with Jesus.

Hint 14

Catacomb of Priscilla

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PICTURE OF A MOSAIC THING HERE

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Mosaic of Manon

Hint 15

Mosaic of Manon

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Jewish Catacomb
Rome
c. 1st-4th centuries CE
Judaism
Unknown Architect

Hint 16

Jewish Catacomb

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Catacomb of St. Callistus
Rome, Italy
c. 2nd Century CE
Roman
Architect Unknown

- The Good Shepherd

Hint 17

Catacomb of St. Callistus

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Catacomb of St. Peter & Marcellinus
Rome, Italy
c. 3rd-4th centuries
Architect Unknown

- The Good Shepard is painted on the ceiling. It is made up of four semicircular lunettes framed by arches.
- Center: Good Shepherd (roots in classical sculpture- reminder of Jesus's promise: "A good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep"
- Surrounding the center are paintings depicting the story of Jonah and the sea monster from the Hebrew Bible.

Hint 18

Catacomb of St. Peter & Marcellinus

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Basilica of St. Peter/Old St. Peter's
Rome, Italy
c. 320-327
Christian Rome
Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini

- Longitudinal plan with a courtyard and a nave flanked on either side by two aisles, topped with a clerestory. An apse is located at the far end of the nave.
- Hierarchical: there was specific seating for people of different levels of religious importance.
- Named because this is where St. Peter is buried.
- Courtyard and narthex are for people who have not yet been baptized.
- Catacomb underneath the structure.
- there is a perpendicular hall crossing in front of the apse.
- This is reflective of Christian religious practices: a large gathering for worship, religious events (e.g. initiation)

Hint 19

Basilica of St. Peter/Old St. Peter's

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Hagia Sophia
Constantinople/Istanbul, Turkey
c. 532-537 CE
Byzantine
Anthemius of Tralles, Isidore of Miletus

- the large dome resting on pendentives as a new method of supporting domes on a square base.
- mix between longitudinal and central planning. bilateral symmetry enforces longitudinal plan, but large central dome give more central planned feel.
- dome rests upon a series of arches to allow light to come in: "fenestration" clerestory
- mozaic of azure and gold, marble slabs for walls
- hierarchical seating layout. (only Justinian allowed in the nave along with clergy for religious practices)

Hint 20

Hagia Sophia

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Dome of the Rock
Jerusalem
c. 691-692 CE
Islamic
Unknown Architect

Hint 21

Dome of the Rock

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Great Mosque or Cordoba Mosque
Cordoba, Spain
c. 8th - 10th centuries CE
Islamic
Unknown Architect

- had many additions added on to it

Hint 22

Great Mosque