Archeology 105: Early Civilizations

Front 1

What are the 5 characteritics of all preindustrial civilizations?

Back 1

Cities, centralized & stratified economies, formal record keeping (writing), monumental architecture & some form of all-embracing state religion.

Front 2

How is CIVILIZATION defined in archeology today?

Back 2

"Urbanized, state-level societies."

Fagan pg 210

Front 3

Who explained the origin of states as an Urban Revolution.

Back 3

Vere Gordon Childe

Front 4

What is the Urban Revolution?

Back 4

Childe's theory of the origins of the state due to new divisions of labor (artisans) supported in cities by surpluses and new technologies including writing.

Front 5

V. Gordon Childe's 10 criteria of urban revolution and civilization

Back 5

- Cities
- Specialists/Division of Labor
- Concentration of surplus as tithes/taxes
- Ruling classes
- Writing/numerical notation systems
- Predictive sciences (calendars and math/geometry)
- Scribes
- Regular foreign trade
- Social stratification unified by ideology - religion and state

Front 6

What is a band?

Back 6

20-100 people with presigious individuals at various age/sex levels but no "Big Men" - fully egalitarian. Usually hunter-gatherers.

Front 7

What is a tribe?

Back 7

Association of kinship segments - with a Big Man. up to 1000 people

Front 8

What is a chiefdom?

Back 8

Society based on ranking. Lineages ranked amongst themselves and withing.

Front 9

What is a state?

Back 9

A social institution defined by:
- territorial boundaries
- differential access to basic resources
- social stratification
- laws
- central government
- membership by residence not kin group or ethnicity

Front 10

Name 4 Unilinear models of social evolution.

Back 10

Hint 10

1- Morgan's progressivism.
2 - Marx & Engels Historical Materialism
3 - Elman Service's evolution based on size
4 - Morton Fried's evolution from Egalitarian to Class (warfare)

Front 11

What is Lewis H Morgans model of social evolution?

Back 11

Barbarism --> Savagery --> Civilization

Progressivist from 19th century.

Front 12

What is Marx & Engels model of social evolution?

Back 12

Primitive --> Slavery --> Feudalism --> Capitalism --> Communism

Front 13

What is Elman Service model of social evolution?

Back 13

Band --> Tribe --> Cheifdom --> State

Front 14

What is Morton Fried model of social evolution?

Back 14

Egalitarian --> Ranked --> Stratified --> Class(es)

Front 15

Who reduced Childe's 10 criteria to 3 and what are the 3 criteria of civilization?

Back 15

Klakholm in 1958 reduced Childe's 10 criteria to: monumental architecture, writing, cities.

Front 16

Name 12 classic state formation theories (mostly monocausal).

Back 16

1. Pampelli's Fertile Crescent/Oasis Theory
2. Wittfogel's hydraulic Hypothesis
3. Childe's Automatic Theory
4. Marxist Historical Materialism
5. Diakonoff's Internal Conflict Theory
6. Boserups's Population Growth
7. Carnerio's Coercive Theory
8. Oppenheimer's Coercive Theory
9. Ratjze's Trade Theory
10. eliade's Ceremonial Center Theory
11. Sanders and Price's Success in Competition theory
12. Webster's War Finance Theory

Front 17

Name 5 multivarient theories of state formation.

Back 17

1. R. Adams irrigation agriculture, warfare, local resource variability, population pressure, trade
2. Kent Flannery interactions between subsystems such as technology, agriculture, religious beliefs, etc
3. Ecological Approach (Julian Steward 1950s) complex interactions between environment, population and social factors - SYSTEMS THEORY
4. Structural approach (Elizabeth Brumfiel) pressures for state formation triggered in some systems but not others. It's about population ecology and opportunities for individuals to purse political goals
5. Maisels approach: apparatuses of power centralized: military, tax collectors/administrators, legal and idological.

Front 18

What is Pampelli's Fertile Crescent/Oasis Theory?

Back 18

Pampelli excavated in Anau in 1904: fertility and benighn climate led to food surpluses that then supported craftsmen and other specialists.

Hint 18

Pompei - a paradise?

Front 19

What is Wittfogel's Hydraulic Hypothesis?

Back 19

Hydraulic = water control. Because the creation and maintenance of large irrigation systems requires central authority they give rise to state control of all agriculture. But later found that states preceeded many large scale irrigation systems.

Hint 19

Witt water (with water) and folks (fogel).

Front 20

What is Childe's Automatic theory?

Back 20

Everything follows naturally from adopting agriculture: first innovations and improved technologies for intensification then surpluses then social institutions. (But many societies do not have on going surpluses)

Hint 20

Childe is chilled in his theory - all just flows man.

Front 21

What is Marxist Historical Materialism theory?

Back 21

Sophistication of means of production (intensification of agriculture thanks to technological advances) leads to a class struggle that sets the elites over the working class - the state is just the sum total of laws, ideologies, etc that maintain this structure.

Front 22

What is Diakonoff's Internal Conflict theory?

Back 22

State (as in Engels definition) keeps order by mitigating class struggles and internal differentiation within the society - keeping the elites on top - of course!

Hint 22

Diode - two sided class struggle. Diakonoff - Russion obviously so Marxist

Front 23

What is Boserup's Population Growth theory?

Back 23

Esther Boserup 1960s criticism of Malthus - population growth a cause for social evolution.

Front 24

What is Carnerio's Coersive theory?

Back 24

Environmental circumscription - limitedness - causes small farm villages to encroach on one another. Leads to warfare and warlords coming out on top; forming states.

Hint 24

Cat that ate the Carnery - got fat and ruled over all the rest.

Front 25

What is Oppenheimer's Coercive theory?

Back 25

Pastoralists birthed from agriculturalists (land ran out in the valleys so forced to make living in the hills). Then the pastoralists turned the tables on the agriculturalists and conquered them.

Hint 25

I'm Up on you - Higher ground always wins!

Front 26

What is Ratjze's Trade theory?

Back 26

Based on studies of Mayan lowlands - states developed thanks to external trade.

Hint 26

Rats (jeez!) came over in trading ships.

Front 27

What is Eliade's Ceremonial center theory?

Back 27

Mercea Eliade - ceremonial center as an instrument of orthogenetic transformation!

Front 28

What is Sanders and Price's Succession competition theory?

Back 28

Group selectionist theory of cultural evolution. Groups that are organized as we find them to be out-survived other groups organized along other lines.

Front 29

What is Webster's war finance theory?

Back 29

Chiefs who are successful at wars - award fiefdoms of a sort building a class of nobles and disenfranchising other internal enemies.

Hint 29

Webster - a bit circular isn't it. Stratification emerges through stratification? But aren't all of Webster's definitions (in his dictionary) a bit circular?

Front 30

What is R Adams multivarients theory?

Back 30

Irrigation agriculture, warfare, local resource variability, population pressure, trade etc

Hint 30

From Adam to Zed - a bit of everything!

Front 31

Who is Kent Flannery?

Back 31

Saw the emergence of the state as interaction between technology, agriculure, religious beliefs, etc

Front 32

What is the Ecological approach of Julian Steward (to explaining emergence of civilizations)?

Back 32

Emphasis on complex interactions between environmental, populationa and social factors.

Front 33

What is the Structural approach of Elizabeth Brumfiel(to explaining emergence of civilizations)?

Back 33

Studied Aztecs: ecological obstacles and opportunities for individuals to pursue political goals

Front 34

What is the Maisel's approach to explaining emergence of civilizations?

Back 34

State utilizes apparatuses of power to control people and territory: military, administrative(taxes), legal and ideological

Front 35

Upper Egypt

Back 35

Actually Southern Egypt because it is where the Nile begins.

Front 36

Lower Egypt.

Back 36

Actually northern Egypt.

Front 37

Dynasty 0.

Back 37

Begins with trade or diffusion of dynastic organization from Palestine?

Front 38

Dynasty 3

Back 38

First step pyramid by Djoser at Saqqara - designed/built by Imhotep. 2700 BC

Front 39

Unification of Egypt

Back 39

Narmer/Scorpian king. 1st dynasty. 3100 BC.

Front 40

The Rosetta Stone

Back 40

Stone found in Egypt with decree in 3 languages: Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs, Egyptian Demotic script and ancient Greek. Found in 1799 and deciphered in 1820's.

Front 41

Nomes

Back 41

Territorial units in ancient Egypt - not urban centers! - not urbanized.

Front 42

Mastaba

Back 42

Mini flat-topped pyramids (graves) for the engineers and others that helped build the bigger pyramids.

Front 43

Pious foundation

Back 43

Since death a continuation of life - priests serve the dead to the point that land is overrun with pyramids and burial sites and labor goes to serving dead instead of the living.

Front 44

Buto

Back 44

Protector of Lower Egypt - Red cobra godess

Front 45

Hierakonpolis

Back 45

AKA Nekhan ; political and religious center of upper Egypt in predynastic era.

Front 46

Deir el Medineh

Back 46

A workers village

Front 47

Saqqara

Back 47

Where the Djoser (first) pyramid was built - a step pyramid.

Front 48

Narmer

Back 48

Menes/The Scorpian King. Unites upper and lower egypt in 2900 BC

Front 49

Narmer Palette

Back 49

Is this a narrative of the conquest of Egypt by Palestine. Dynasty 0 ruler Narmer?

Front 50

Step pyramid of Djoser

Back 50

First pyramid built in Saqqara by 3rd dynasty pharoh

Front 51

Imhotep

Back 51

Chancellor to 3rd dynasty pharoah, Djoser. Engineer, doctor, etc. - designed first pyramids - the step pyramid.

Front 52

Khufu

Back 52

Largest, oldest pyramid at Giza. Built for Khufu (Cheops in Greek). All 4th dynasty.

Front 53

Chephren

Back 53

Pyramid of 4th dynasty pharoah Khafre (Chephren is the Greek). 2nd largest pyramid at Giza. Khafre also credited with building the sphinx.

Front 54

Menkaure

Back 54

Smallest pyramid at Giza for the pharoah Menkaure. Mycerinus in Greek.

Front 55

Bent pyramid

Back 55

built under the Old Kingdom Pharaoh Sneferu- used by his wife - his adjacent one has a tunnel connecting them. 2600 BC

Front 56

Caste system

Back 56

Individuals not at the fore-front. Rather a caste system based on kinship and trade one is born into - like a leather worker, etc.

Front 57

Assymmetrical foreign trade

Back 57

Export a lot but don't want imports since they are impure.

Front 58

City planning (of the Indus)

Back 58

Cities laid out on a grid - brick sizes the same throughout the entire area and over time!. Separation of people by castes?

Front 59

Faceless civilization

Back 59

No monumental religious architecture or iconography. No palaces or expressions of god-Kings or worshipped rulers.

Front 60

Priest King

Back 60

Statuary from Harappa but no indication of worship or greatness. Just a guy? Just like the dancing girl is just a girl?

Front 61

Mature Harappan

Back 61

Indus site studied in 1920's and 30's but not recognized as a civilization right away. 2500-1900 BC.

Front 62

Mohenjo Daro

Back 62

Excavated site of Indus civilization. Over 500 wells, the granery etc all found here.

Front 63

Harappa

Back 63

Excavated site of the Indus civilization.

Front 64

Great Bath

Back 64

Looks like a central bathing place in Mohenjo-Daro but another example of eurocentrism on Marshall and/or Mackay's part?

Front 65

The Grainary

Back 65

a

Front 66

The Assembly

Back 66

a

Front 67

The College

Back 67

a

Front 68

Pollution and Purification

Back 68

No public religious ceremonies.

Front 69

Olmec

Back 69

The mother culture of mesoamerica - in the tropical lowlands.

Front 70

Mother Culture

Back 70

The Olmec are said to have come first.

Front 71

Mesoamerican-wide exchange systems

Back 71

The Olmec mothered all cultures exchanging their original ideas

Front 72

Olmec: People of the land of the rubber.

Back 72

Lowlands people (rainforest), the mother culture, 1200-400 BC, San Lorenzo, La Venta, Colossal heads

Front 73

San Lorenzo

Back 73

Olmec; 1200-900 BC; Tenochitlin

Front 74

La Venta

Back 74

Olmec site: a sacred "mountain" which is a mound. Has colossal heads and ancester emerging from underworld.

Front 75

Colossal heads

Back 75

The Olmec: maize surpluses and charismatic leadership enable big public, cooperative projects.

Front 76

Sacred Mountains of Olmec

Back 76

The sacred mountains are the pyramids that are the resting places of the gods and royal ancestors.

Front 77

Zapotec

Back 77

Represent the first urban state of mesoamerican - based in arid highlands. 500 BC to 700 AD

Front 78

Valley of Oaxaca

Back 78

Zapotec 500 BC to 700 AD

Front 79

Monte Alban

Back 79

Zapotec 500 BC to 700 AD

Front 80

First clearest evidence of urbanization (Zapotec)

Back 80

Sacred mountain is city.

Front 81

Sacred mountains of Zapotec

Back 81

Mount Alban

Front 82

Large-scale manipulation of the environment

Back 82

Irrigation & terracing by the Zapotec - terracing of hills and river bottomlands a necessity for sustainable agriculture.

Front 83

The Danzantes

Back 83

Public display of defeated enemies and captives at the Zapotec Mt Albon temple. Show them dead and mutilated.

Front 84

260- day calendar & origins of writing

Back 84

260 day calendar was the religious one. Everything about death and rebirth.

Front 85

Teotihuacan

Back 85

Also from the arid highlands - urban, international center. 1-550 AD. City of the Gods.

Front 86

City of the Gods

Back 86

Teotihuacan, 1-550 AD; pyramid of the sun long street to pyramid of the moon. Mirrors the cosmos and must be maintained for cosmos to be maintained.

Front 87

True urban center

Back 87

with a population of 125K

Front 88

Central place for pilgramage

Back 88

Teotihuacan

Front 89

Central place for a new order after volcanic eruptions

Back 89

Teotihuacan

Front 90

Central place for myth & origins

Back 90

Teotihuacan

Front 91

Socioeconomic power of the Teotihuacan

Back 91

International trading center - either produced or controlled redistribution of all goods. Linked with Mayan centers such at Tikal and Copan.

Front 92

Links with Maya centers

Back 92

Teotihuacan the city of the Gods.

Front 93

Pyramid of the Sun

Back 93

creation myth and the 5th sun; a god had to burn himself to death to create our sun. Reborn to serve us thus we must serve him (actually serve a hostile universe?) - It's the ever encrouching jungle

Front 94

Pyramid of the Moon

Back 94

"watery hill" the source of water and irrigation system

Front 95

Internationalism

Back 95

Teotihuacan a trading center and place of spiritual pilgrammage.

Front 96

Empowerment of elites through

Back 96

surplus producgtion and long-distance trade.

Front 97

Maya

Back 97

The theater state of mesoamerica. 300-900 AD

Front 98

Mayan Environmental Diversity

Back 98

Rainforest and highlands - need each other for sustainable subsistance.

Front 99

Mayan Economic interdependence.

Back 99

Rainforest and highlands - need each other for sustainable subsistance

Front 100

Mayan Shared culture

Back 100

Calendrics, astronomy and bark-paper books. Visual and performance art in service of the state. (Us against the universe - gods with us in carving out a place to live in the rainforest)

Front 101

Mayan Calendars

Back 101

a

Front 102

Mayan Astronomy

Back 102

a

Front 103

Mayan ball game

Back 103

Tlatchtli; can gain social/political status by winning. but losers lose their lives. Hero Twins play against the Lords of Xibalba (gods of underworld) for their lives and to revive father and uncle. Win but can't revive father.

Front 104

Mayan royal ancestorship

Back 104

Copan site shows clear signs of ancestor worship

Front 105

Mayan pyramids

Back 105

a

Front 106

Mayan warfare and tribute

Back 106

a

Front 107

Tikal

Back 107

Mayan site

Front 108

Copan

Back 108

Clear signs of ancestor worship at this Mayan site; 4 sided sarcophagus with 16 royal ancestors on it found here.

Front 109

Uruk expansion

Back 109

a

Front 110

Mesopotamia urbanization

Back 110

a

Front 111

Temple economy

Back 111

Temples controlled the redistributive economy. Through:
- writing
-standard units of measurement
- seals and sealings
Every temple had walls around it.

Front 112

Temple community

Back 112

Walled off from the rest of Uruk. With workshops...

Front 113

Uruk

Back 113

The first city and state of Mesopotamia. 3800-3200 BC.

Front 114

Core-Perphery relationship

Back 114

In the Core of Uruk and other Mesopotamian cities were the temples used for trade and wealth redistribution. Closer to the temple - higher ranked. Periphery = the opposite.

Front 115

Mesopotamian Irrigation

Back 115

Amazing network of levies and canals for transportation and linking cities together. - Commerce as well as irrigation.

Front 116

Mesopotamian Writing

Back 116

Is cuneiform - all about accounting and trade. Bills of lading and contracts.

Front 117

Bullae

Back 117

Plural of Bulla: vessels used to transport tokens that were indications of what deals were in the offing.

Front 118

Tokens

Back 118

Part of the original Mesopotamian writing system made of clay and representing commodities.

Front 119

Tablets

Back 119

Mesopotamian writing went from Bullae and tokens to clay tablets with cuneiform writing.

Front 120

Cuneiform

Back 120

Cunei means wedged-shaped in Latin. The stylus used in many societies writing - and many types of writing; logographic to alphabetic.

Front 121

Ziggurat

Back 121

Terraced step pyramid of mesopotamia

Front 122

Cylinder seals

Back 122

Have a wide area to make a large sealing. Appear by 3600 BC.

Front 123

Stamp seals

Back 123

Served as security devices for bales, doors etc.

Front 124

What is a great way to describe economic stratification?

Back 124

Differential access to basic resources.

Front 125

What is the dividing line between North and South China?

Back 125

The Yangtze river.

Front 126

What is the second major river in China?

Back 126

The Yellow river (Huang He).

Front 127

Which of China's rivers is referred to as the cradle of Chinese civilization?

Back 127

The Yellow river

Front 128

Name China's two rivers.

Back 128

The Yangtze and the Yellow river.

Front 129

Why is the Yellow river sometimes referred to as "China's Sorrow"

Back 129

Because of the devastating floods - may have flooded almost 1600 times in the last 2500 years - changed course perhaps 26 times.

Front 130

What is Loess?

Back 130

Highly erodable soil of the Yellow River's plateau (Loess plateau) a silty sediment from wind storms eroding the plateau.

Front 131

When was rice domesticated?

Back 131

12000-10000 years ago in China.

Front 132

What is the domesticated beast of burdan used in Asia for farming?

Back 132

The Water Buffalo

Front 133

What is the first dynasty in China and when was it?

Back 133

The Xia dynasty from 2070 to 1600 BC

Front 134

What two important technologies developed under the Chinese Shang dynasty?

Back 134

Bronze casting 1500-1300 BC and Writing 1400-1200 BC

Front 135

The Terra Cota soldiers discovered in China in 1974 were guarding whose tomb?

Back 135

The first emporer's of 210 BC.

Front 136

How did urbanization come about in China?

Back 136

Through ritualization.

Front 137

What dynasty came after the Xia and had the first cities?

Back 137

The Shang dynasty from 1600 1050- BC

Front 138

What is ritualization?

Back 138

Rituals maintain cultural stability. They codify leaders and subordinates rolls.

Front 139

Erlitou

Back 139

Area showing occupation from 3500-1250 BC - both foreshadows and overlaps Shang dynasty. Hey day 1900- 1600 BC. (Xia?)

Front 140

Where is the Erlitou site?

Back 140

Yilou basin of the Yellow river.

Front 141

What was the Shang dynasty's bronze casting method?

Back 141

Hint 141

The piece-mold method allowing for more intricate designs on the finished piece. Since the pieces of the mold were made from a clay model instead of a wax one.

Front 142

What are oracle bones?

Back 142

Used by Shang rulers in ceremonies asking ancestors for advice. Written on the broad scapula of ox or water buffalos.

Front 143

What is a scapula?

Back 143

Shoulder bone (on our 'backs')

Front 144

What is the big deal about Jade?

Back 144

It is harder than steel so to carve it is to abrade it slowly. The Shang also innovated 3-D animals in Jade as charms.

Front 145

Did the Chinese have pyramids?

Back 145

Yes; flat-topped burial mounds but not for the Shang.

Front 146

What is social organization as opposed to political organization?

Back 146

Hint 146

social org: cultural rules/values determining how INDIVIDUALs interact. political org: cultural rules/values that determine how a groups RULES WILL BE MADE. And how different groups within the larger polity will have to act to get along in the long term.

Front 147

Tribes are not generally sedentary they are...

Back 147

Segmentary. Usually semi-nomadic pastoralists or sedentary agriculturalists.

Front 148

What is a city?

Back 148

Size or something more?

Front 149

What is a state?

Back 149

Not about ethnicity!

Front 150

What is a Pristine state?

Back 150

One that emerges in it's own unique way.

Front 151

What is a secondary state?

Back 151

One that emerges through contact with pristine states.

Front 152

What is Engels conception of emergence of civilization?

Back 152

Hint 152

Savagery to Slavery

Front 153

Do cultural anthropologists use the word 'civilization'?

Back 153

No but still used in archeology.

Front 154

What are the state formation prime movers?

Back 154

8 things.

Front 155

Two types of trade in early civilizations.

Back 155

State-controlled: tribute
Open market

Front 156

What is central place theory?

Back 156

Absence of resource to get it started?

Front 157

What types of sites or finds do archeologists like to see to guage a society as being complex (or civilized)?

Back 157

Like to find L A M A A: Locational evidence
Architectural evidence (monumental)
Mortuary evidence (cared about death/afterlife)
Administrative (levels and people organizing the whole- especially scribes)
Artifacts (showing trade, self-decoration, etc)

Front 158

What's the big deal about writings emergence?

Back 158

Sociological, economic - even self - control.

Front 159

What is an alphabetic sign?

Back 159

A representative of a single sound.

Front 160

What is a syllabic sign?

Back 160

A representative of 2-3 consonant sounds.

Front 161

What is a word-sign?

Back 161

Pictures of the object they are representing.

Front 162

What is a determinative?

Back 162

A picture or glyph/ideogram that aids in reading but is not actually read - like punctuation.

Front 163

What are the 6 types of writing systems?

Back 163

1. Logographic
2. Syllabic
3. Alphabetic
4. Featural
5. Ideographic
6. Pictographic

Front 164

What is a Logographic writing system?

Back 164

Symbol represents an entire word but is not a picture of same - that would be a pictograph

Front 165

What is a Syllabic writing system?

Back 165

Depicts groups of sounds.

Front 166

What is a Featural writing system?

Back 166

Depicts sounds that have things in common such as use of the lips.

Front 167

What is Pictographic writing?

Back 167

Symbols are or are derived from pictures of the actual objects.

Front 168

What did the Mesopotamians, Egyptians and MesoAmericans use to write on - their Media/Medium?

Back 168

Mesopotamian: clay Bullae, tokens then tablets
Egyptians: Ivory, papyrus, leather, bone and linen - if ceremonial: stone.
MesoAmericans: tree bark, deer skin and stone.

Front 169

The standardized "duck" weight was found in what first civilization?

Back 169

Mesopotamia (URUK)

Front 170

Standardized weights and beveled bowls for standard volume measurements found....?

Back 170

Uruk 3200 BC

Front 171

Iteru

Back 171

The great river - the Nile

Front 172

What are cataracts?

Back 172

Great water falls of the Nile.

Front 173

Hieraglyphs for what type of writing vs. what other types?

Back 173

Great for temples and general public but heiratic script for effective for day to day biz. Demotic writing even better for contracts and protocals. (Coptic for bible)

Front 174

Palermo stone

Back 174

Records Dynasty 0, the archaic dynasties and the old kingdom.

Front 175

6 shared characteristics of Mesoamericans.

Back 175

1. Pantheon of gods
2. Maize agriculture
3. Screen fold books and hieraglyphics
4.Stepped pyramids
5. turbans (dress?)
6. calendars and rituals around those calendars

Front 176

Cartouche

Back 176

An oval frame that contains the symbols for a royal name or the name of a god.

Front 177

The Indus river

Back 177

Floods due to Himalayan snow melt. The Indus flood plain not restricted due to topography like the Nile river valley.

Front 178

Forces in the rise of urbanism in Mesoamerica.

Back 178

Agricultural surpluses
Necessity of trade (me) between highlands and lowlands
-Marriage alliances
-Warfare
-validation of royal power and central, organizing authority
-human agency

Front 179

The Were-Jaguar.

Back 179

The dualism of lineages from gods and commoners. (Olmec)

Front 180

Why all the blood in Mayan?

Back 180

Gods sacrificied their blood to create space and time out of the void - press the void out. royalty needs to maintain that. - Very Fringe/Matrix

Front 181

When was Teotihuacan destroyed.

Back 181

Elites residences and temples destroyed 550AD. Probably linked to drought, famine, malnutrition and warfare of 535-536.

Front 182

what

Back 182

w

Front 183

what

Back 183

w

Front 184

what

Back 184

w

Front 185

what

Back 185

w

Front 186

what

Back 186

w

Front 187

what

Back 187

w

Front 188

Phylogenetic reconstruction

Back 188

relations between species - building the family tree- understanding evolution and interrelatedness

Front 189

Hominin vs hominid

Back 189

Hominin - Tribe
hominid - family
hominoid - superfamily

Front 190

Who are the robust vs. gracile australopithecines?

Back 190

Gracile: africanus
afarensis
Robust: robustus
bosei
aethiopicus

Front 191

Australopithecus africanus vs afarensis

Back 191

africanus - south african
afarensis - lucy (older than above)

Hint 191

lucy is far away in the sky
africanus descended from lucy and spread from origins in East Africa

Front 192

Anatomically vs. Behaviourally modern humans

Back 192

Anatomically modern humans not behaviourally modern until art or other symbolic behavior evident

Front 193

Out of Africa 1 and 2

Back 193

Out of Africa 1 is Homo erectus 1.8 mya known by finds in Dmansi Georgia in Caucasus.
Out of Africa 2 is @ 500 Kya - these are early modern humans or archaie Homo sapiens

Front 194

Committed vs. compromised morphology

Back 194

as it regards bipedelism: committed means fully (and thus efficiently) bipedal while compromised means not efficient or habitual just facultative.

Front 195

LCA (last common ancestor)

Back 195

with apes - 6-7 mya Orrorin tugenensis

Front 196

Lower Paleolithic

Back 196

2 mya to 150 Kya

Hint 196

think strata - lower is older

Front 197

Upper Paleolithic

Back 197

45 - 12 Kya

Front 198

Debitage

Back 198

debris - leftovers - trash from making stone tools.

Front 199

Big chunks vs small chunks debitage

Back 199

Bigger chunks mean less reworking.

Front 200

Oldowan stone age

Back 200

2.6 mya to 1.7 mya

Front 201

Acheulean stone age

Back 201

1.7 mya - two faced symetrical - showing more complex processing points (means more complex brains?)

Front 202

Seven centers of domestication

Back 202

Fertile Crescent
North America
Sub-Saharan Africa
South America
Meso America
South China (Yangtze)
North China (Yellow river)

Front 203

Natufian

Back 203

Epipalelithic - tools used to gather wild grains. The transitional peoples between foragers and full-fledged agriculturalists.

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Atapuerca

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800-900 Kya Archaic Homo sapiens 2000 + bones

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Blombos Cave

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In South Africa. Modern behaviors dating from 80,000 years ago - beads, personal adornment and decorated tools.

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Chauvet Cave

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Southern France. 30-32 Kya. Paleolithic Rock art

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Abu Hureyra

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in Syria - earliest Agricultural site. Euphrates valley - 11.5 Kya

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Hominoid

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Humans and all direct ancestors

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Unique human features

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Bipedal
Large brains
Tool use

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BLT

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Central place foraging

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Glynn Isaac & Bunn: Idea that hunter gatherers bring foraged foods back to a camp for all to share based on archeological finds of processed bones in concentrations (no hearths)

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Pleistocene

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Geological Epoch of the Quarternary period. Runs from 2.5 mya to 12 Kya. Overlaps with archeological periof of paleolithic.

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Australopithecus afarensis found...?

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Maurice Taueb and Don Johanson find 'Lucy' in 1974. In the Middle Awasy in Northern Ethiopia - HADAR.

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Australopithecus africanus found...?

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By Raymond Dart in 1925

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Paranthropus

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Homo paranthropus or robust Australopithecines

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Robust Australopithecines: Where found and how old.

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Aethiopicus: Omo Ethiopia 2.6 mya
Robustus: S Africa 1.2 mya
Bosei: Leakey in '59 Olduvai 2.6 mya - 1.8 mya

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Homo erectus/ergaster

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Found all the way to China after 1st out of Africa jaunt 1.7 mya to replacement around 470 Kya

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Homo heidelbergensis

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archaic Homo:

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Homo neanderthalensis

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400kya - 27 kya: Europe to SW Asia - 27 Ka seen in Spain

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Homo sapiens

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Fully modern: found in middle east 100-150 Kya

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Dmanisi

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in Georgia in the Caucausus: earliest Hominin out of Africa (1st time) 1.8 mya Homo georgius (habilis) - predates erectus

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Hadar

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Ethiopia in East Africa (Middle Awash): Australopithecus afarensis - LUCY and at least 13 others

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Laetoli

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Tanzania in East Africa - FOOTPRINTS - discovered by Mary Leakey - dated to 3.6 mya - formed by volcanic ash.

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Lascaux Cave

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17 Kya

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Ohalo II

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Sea of Galilee in Israel - Oldest Hunter Gatherer site dated to 23 Kya - SEDENTARY - unexpected

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Ohalo - sounds Hawaiin but surprise - unexpected find of sedentary hunter gatherers

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GobekliTepe

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Turkey - hilltop sanctuary for SEDENTARY hunter gatherers 12Kya - has a temple!!

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Gona

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Kenya 2 finds:

Orrorin Tugenensis (millennium man from 6 mya - fully bipedal thus pushes back the LCA despite genetic clock saying otherwise
2- Bona/Bairi - where 2.6 mya cut marked animal bones found

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immediate vs delayed returns

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gathering vs farming

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Fertile Crescent

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1 of 7 origins of agriculture - between the Tigris and Euphrates

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Radiometric dating

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uses regular decay of radioactive isotopes to date organic materials (Carbon 14 and potassium argon dating)

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Law of superposition

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Older on bottom of stratified site

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Lower is younger

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Processual archaeology

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Culture studied as adaptive - adaptations

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Zooarchaeology

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Study of animal remains and their relationship to human civilizations

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Leakey Family

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Mary - Laetoli footprints
Mary & Louis - Olduvai (Tanzania) 1960's - Oldowan tools
Richard - East Turkana - finds H habilis skull

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Gordon Childe

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Named the Neolithic revolution: Oasis theory - climatic dessication of Youner Dryas forced pro-humans to cluster around water sources and intensify their takings from the circumscribed environment

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Robert Braidwood

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Neolithic revolution not due to climatic changes but rather a gradual evoltuion thanks to technological/cultural advances

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Braiding wood? or abrading it to make spears...

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Donald Johanson

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Discoverer of Lucy A. afarensis in 1974

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Lewis Binford

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Neolithic revolution or farming could only have been forced on humans because of population pressures in marginal zones (forced to these zones apparently)

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Binford tools - Tim Allen, man's man - man so lazy that they would have had to be forced into it...then how do you explain rice production?

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Ian Hodder

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of Stanford - post processualist studied Catalhuyac

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Wants to look Hotter to the ladies so rejects gender roles of processual archeology

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Middle Paleolithic

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150 Kya - 45 Kya