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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is introspection? |
- First systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures (thoughts/images/sensations) [Wilhelm Wundt] - marked the separation of scientific psychology from philosophical psychology |
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Describe the discoveries of Wilhelm Wundt. |
- opened first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany (1879) - aim: to document/describe the nature of human consciousness (structuralism) - used introspection: participants reflected on cognitive processes and described them |
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What are the weaknesses of introspection? |
- behaviourists: participants recalling own throughts=objective data=not scientific - conscious thoughts can't be observed/measured, more empirical methods should be used |
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What are the control methods used to make introspection more scientific? |
- introspections recorded in strict controlled conditions - same standardised instructions given to all participants=replicable |
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How did psychology begin to emerge as a science? |
- 20th century: Watson questionned scientific status of introspection=behaviourist approach - Watson/Skinner: natural science methods+psychology=behaviourism methods still used today - 1960s: cognitive revolution=study of mental processes now legitimate science in psychology - biological approach uses experimental data |
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What are the strengths for the scientific method for psychology? |
- knowledge accurate/produces facts=objective/controlled studies - establishes causes of behaviour/allows theories to be tested=psychological treatmentsq |
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What are the weaknesses for the scientific method for psychology? |
- strictly controlled=doesn't reflect behaviour in natural environments - certain areas of human mind/behaviour can't be observed=can't use scientific method to measure |
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What is the behaviourist approach? |
- A way of explaining behaviour in terms of learning/observable behaviour |
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What are the assumptions for the behaviourist approach? |
- focuses on observable/measurable behaviour - Watson: rejected introspection=used lab experiments (control/objectivity) - learning processes same in all species (classical/operant) |
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Describe the process of classical conditioning. |
- food (unconditioned stimulus) causes dog salivation (unconditioned response) - bell (neutral stimulus) produces no response - bell+food causes salivation - bell (conditioned stimulus) causes salivation (conditioned response) - learning through association |
