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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What makes Wundt's lab historically important to Psychologists? |
A Lab in Germany First ever Psychology lab, introduced structuralism. |
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What approach to Psychology did Wundt pioneer? |
Introspection |
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Since Wundt, approaches in psychology became more structuralised. What are controlled methods and why are they important? |
They are standardised instructions (issued to all participants). This allowed the same experiments to be repeated. They make procedures replicable, and therefore more reliable. |
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Just from seeing the words 'early philosophical roots', 3 names should come to mind. Who are they? |
Rene Descartes John Locke Charles Darwin |
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Why is Descartes significant to Psychology? |
He suggested that the mind and body are independent from each other. - Cartesian Dualism. This view is debatable. However, suggested that the mind could be an object of study in its own right. |
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Descartes' famous quote! |
'I think therefore I am' |
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Why is Locke significant to Psychology? |
For empiricism *All experience can be obtained through sense experience *Human beings do not inherit knowledge nor instincts (born Blank Slate = Tabula Rosa) *Basis of the behaviourist approach |
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Why is Charles Darwin significant to Psychology? |
For evolutionary theory All humans and animal behaviour -> adapted over successive generations * stronger genes survive and reproduce * survival of the fittest * weaker, more disadvantaged genes are excluded from the gene pool |
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What approach does Darwin's evolutionary theory become the basis of? |
Biological Approach However many approaches agree with the assumption that: many human behaviours, such as social behaviours, have evolved due to their adlative value |
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Psychology defintion? |
The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those function affecting behaviour in a given context. |
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Science defintion? |
A means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigation. The aim: to discover general laws. |
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Introspection defintion? |
First systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into the basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations |
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Who rejected Introspection? What century? |
Watson and the early behaviourists. 20th century. |
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What is Watsons' main problem with Introspection? |
That is is subjective, varies so much from person to person that it became difficult to establish general principles. |
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How is Introspection subjective? |
Focuses on 'private' mental processes Scientifc Psychology should restrict shelf only to studying phenomena that can be observed and measured. |
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List the key terms for explaining the scientific approach |
Behaviourism Lab Experiments Experimental Method Cognitive Revolution Biological Approach Cognitive Neuroscience |
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What are the assumptions of the behaviourist approach? |
Only study behaviour that can be observed and measured Basic process are the same in all species. |
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What is the classical conditioning? (Briefly) |
Learning through association. Pavlov's dogs. A neutral stimulus (NS) after being repeatedly paired with a unconditional stimulus (UCS), can alone elicit a condition response (CR) -> becoming a condition stimulus (CS) |
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What is operant conditioning? (Briefly) |
Learning through consequences. Skinner used reinforcement and punish (positive and negative reinforcement) to encourage or discourage a certain behaviour. |
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Evaluation of behaviourist approach |
:) scientific credibility :) real-life application :( mechanistic :( deterministic |
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The assumptions of the social learning theory |
BANDURA Agree: behaviour is learnt through experience Different: through observation and imitation of others (social) Directly and indirectly |
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Vicarious enforcement |
Reinforment which is not directly experienced but occurs through the observing of someone else being reinforced for a behaviour. Imitation. |
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Mediational processes |
Cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response. |
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Modelling |
observer's perspective: imitating the behaviour of role model Role model's perspective: modelling is the precise demonstration of a specific behaviour - may be imitated. |
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Identification |
When an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like them |
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The 'master gland' in the endocrine system is |
Pituitary gland, in the brain |
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What does the Cognitive Approach look at? |
How our mental processes (thoughts, perceptions, attention) affect behaviour |
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What are the assumptions of the cognitive approach? |
In direct contrast to behaviourist approach, believes that internal mental processes can and should be studied scientifically. Studies at memory, perception, thinking indirectly, by maaking inferences. |
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What is the information processing approach (according to the cognitive approach)? |
Info flows though a cognitive system, sequence of: Input, storage, retrieval (as in the multi-store model) |
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What is the computer analogy (according to the cognitive approach)? |
It compares the brain to a central processing unit, where info is coded (tuning info into a usable format) and store (holding information). ->Proven useful in the development of artificial intelligence. |
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Internal mental processes? |
'Private' operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response. |
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Schema |
A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. They are developed through experience. |
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Inference (in terms of the cognitive approach) |
The process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour. |
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Cognitive neuroscience |
The scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes. |
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Biological approach |
emphasises the importance of physical processes in the body
such as genetic inheritance and neural functions. |
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Genes |
They make up: chromosomes and consists of: DNA which codes the physical features of an organism (eye colour, height) and the psychological features (mental disorder, intelligence) Transmitted from parent to offspring i.e. inherited. (-yeah, a bit obvious) |
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Biological structure |
An arrangement or organisation of parts to from an organ, system or living thing. |
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Neurochemistry |
referring to chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning |
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Genotype |
the particular set of genes that a person possesses. |
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Phenotype |
the characteristic of an individual determined by both the genes and the environment |
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Evolution |
the changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations. |
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Theory of natural selection |
Any genetically determined behaviour that enhances an individuals survival (and reproduction) will continue into future generations. |