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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Enzymes
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control chemical reactions in the cell and are found in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria.
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Aerobic respiration
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Respiration that uses oxygen, as well as glucose and releases energy, carbon dioxide and water.
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Respiration
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A process in all living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of Carbon Dioxide
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Nucleus
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Controls the activities of the cell
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Cytoplasm
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Most chemical reactions take place here
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A cell membrane
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Controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell
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Mitochondria
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Where most energy is released in respiration
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Ribosomes
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Where protein synthesis occurs
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Cell wall
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Made of cellulose and used to strengthen the cell
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Specialised cells
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Cells designed for doing particular jobs
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Root hair cells
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Tiny hair-like extensions that increase the surface area of the cell for absorption
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Ovum (egg cell)
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Large cell that can carry food reserves for the developing embryo
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Xylem
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Long, thin, hollow cells used to transport water through the stem and root.
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White blood cells
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Can change shape in order to engulf and destroy invading pathogens.
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Sperm cells
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Has a tail, which allows it to move.
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Palisade cells
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Packed with chloroplasts for photosynthesis
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Red blood cells
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No nucleus, so packed full of haemoglobin to absorb oxygen
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Nerve cells
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Long, slender axons that can carry nerve impulses
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Chloroplasts
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Absorb light energy to make food
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Permanent vacuole
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Filled with cell sap
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Yeast
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A single-celled fungus
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In solution
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Dissolved
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Diffusion
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a net movement from a region of high concentration to low concentration. Rate depends on difference in concentration.
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Cell differentiation
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When cells alter to carry out different jobs
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Tissue
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A group of cells that have a similar structure and function.
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Function of muscle tissue
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Contracts so we can move
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Function of glandular tissue
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Produce substances such as enzymes and hormones
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Function of epithelial tissues
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Cover organs
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Stomach
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An organ that contains muscle tissue that contracts to churn the contents, glandular tissue to produce digestive juices and epithelial tissue to covert the outside and inside of the stomach.
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Organ systems
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Groups of organs that carry out a particular function
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Pancreas and salivary glands
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Produce digestive juices
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Stomach and small intestine
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Where digestion takes place
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Liver
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Produces bile to break down fats
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Small intestine
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Where soluble food is absorbed into the blood
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Large intestine
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Where water is absorbed from undigested food, producing faeces.
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Plant organs
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Stem, roots and leaves
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Epidermal tissues
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Cover the plant
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Mesophyll
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Where photosynthesis takes place
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Xylem and phloem
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Transport substances around the plant
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Upper epidermis
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Thin and flat cells to allow light to pass through
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Palisade cells
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Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis, close to top of leaf to absorb light energy.
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Spongy layer (in Mesophyll layer)
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Has gaps to allow passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Function of glucose produced in photosynthesis
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Changed into insoluble starch and stored in the stem, leaves or roots.
Used by the plant during respiration to provide energy. |
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How plants produce proteins
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They use glucose form phtosynthesis and nitrate ions absorbed from the soil
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Factors affecting photosynthesis
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Temperature
Carbon Dioxide Concentration Light intensity |
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Artificial controls
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Used primarily in greenhouses as a catalyst for photosynthesis
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Two ways to obtain quantitative data on distribution of organisms
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Random Sampling with Quadrats
Sampling along a transect |
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Protein molecules
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Long chains of amino acids folded into a specific 3-D shape
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Things proteins act as
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Structural components of tissues
Hormones Antibodies Catalysts |
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Enzymes
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Biological catalysts made from proteins
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Catalysts
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Increase the rate of a chemical reaction
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Amylase
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Produced in salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine.
Digests starch Produces sugars in the mouth and small intestine |
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Protease
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Produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine
Digests proteins Produces amino acids in the stomach and small intestine |
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Lipase
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Produced in the pancreas and small intestine
Digests lipids (fats and oils) Produces fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine. |
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Function of bile
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Neutralise acid added to food in the stomach. This produces alkali conditions in which enzymes in the small intestine work best.
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Word equation for aerobic respiration
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Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy
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Word equation for anaerobic respiration
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Glucose = energy + lactic acid
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Oxygen debt
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Oxygen needed to oxidise lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water
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Number of chromosomes in body cells
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Two sets of 23 (or 46)
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Chromosomes
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A thread like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, containing genetic information.
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Gametes
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Sex cells (female egg and male sperm cells) that contain one set of 23 chromosomes
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Fertilisation
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Female and male gametes fuse to produce a zygote
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Zygote
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Single body cell with 23 new pairs of chromosomes
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Mitosis
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The division of body cells to produce new cells, that contain exactly the same genetic information as the parent cell.
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Meiosis
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Occurs in the testes and ovaries to produce the gametes for sexual reproduction.
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Chromosome combination in females
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XX
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Chromosome combination in males
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XY
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Alleles
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Different forms or variations of genes.
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Dominant allele
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Will always control a characteristic.
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Recessive allele
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Will control a characteristic if present on both chromosomes in a pair
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Monohybrid inheritance
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When a characteristic is determined by just one pair of alleles.
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Genotype
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Combination of alleles that an individual has for a particular gene
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Homozygous
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An individual who carries two copies of the same allele for a particular gene
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Heterozygous
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An individual who carries two different alleles for a particular gene
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Phenotype
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Expression of the genotype
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Stem cells
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Cells that have the ability to develop into any kind of cell because they have not yet differentiated
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DNA molecules
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Make up chromosomes, consist of two long strands that are coiled to form a double helix.
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Gene
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Small section of DNA
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Isolation
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When two populations of a species become separated
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Genetic variation
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When a population has a wide range of alleles that control their characteristics
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Natural selection
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Within each population, alleles that control the characteristics that help the organism to survive are selected.
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Speciation
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When populations become so different that successful interbreeding is no longer possible
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Species
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Organisms that can breed together successfully
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