Apush Key Period 4

Front 1

Marshall Court

Back 1

Expanded court's jurisdiction and power. Executed by Chief of justice John Marshall and supported the federal governments power over the states.

Front 2

Marbury vs. Madison 100

Back 2

Man sued that government over his judgeship position as he did not receive his. John Marshall deemed all the judgeship as being unconstitutional. This lead to the ability for judicial review which allowed the judicial court to go over the actions of the other branches and court's to deem if they are being constitutional.

Front 3

McCulloch v. Maryland 101

Back 3

Case where the states tried to tax the federal government ( The Bank of the United States). Thus case upheld the constitutionality of the bank implied power which led to more flexibility for Congress to enact legislation.

Front 4

"Strict" vs "Loose" Construction 102

Back 4

Strict construction was supported by the democratic republicans and believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution where the federal government only had the power to due what the Constitution deemed that they could do. The Federalists believed in a loose construction of the Constitution which believed in implied powers put in place by the Constitution

Front 5

Louisiana purchase 103

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Land purchase made by Thomas Jefferson from France. France has little money after the war so they sold their land in America to get some money back. The whole lot of land was sold for 11 million dollars. This doubled the size kf the US but most Americans did not like this purchase as they believed it did not follow the strict Constitution that Jefferson liked to follow.

Front 6

Lewis and Clark expedition 104

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Expedition put in place in order for the land just bought to be explored. Lewis and Clark hoped to find a path westward to the other side of the world for trade. It was unsuccessful but the whole trip lasted two years and led to multiple documentations of new species and animals

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Tecumseh and the prophet 105

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Group that created a confederacy of Native tubes in order to combat the White man . The prophet said that if all the natives banded together, they would.have the ability to conquer the white man

Front 8

Hartford convention 106

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Convention were new England Federalist put together a series of of demands in order to avoid another war. This was presented after the battle of NOLA which made the Federalist look like unpatriotic complainers. This eventually led to support for the Federalists to crumble and they never recovered, leading to the end of the Federalist party.

Front 9

Era of Good Feelings 107

Back 9

Period between 1817 and 1823 right after the fall of the Federalist party in which their was only one political party, the democratic republican. This enabled the Republicans to govern in peace.

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Democratic Party108

Back 10

Political party during the 19th century that was pro slavery. The democrats were prominently found in the south and favored a success in from the union.

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Spoils System 109

Back 11

System put in by Andrew Jackson in which supporters could be rewarded places in the public office. This was criticized by People because they believed it would allow corrupt people into the government which would ruin the government as a whole.

Front 12

Tariff of 1828 110

Back 12

Tariff put in place by Andrew Jackson which vastly increased taxes. This was a Tariff highly in favor of the northerners because it helped protect their manufacturing business but it had a very detrimental impact on the people of the south because they had to pay more taxes for resources that they wanted to buy.

Front 13

Nullification Crisis 111

Back 13

Created by south Carolina's 1832 Ordinance of Nullification. This declared that states should be given the power to nullify anything set forward by the federal government that they believed was unconstitutional.

Front 14

Second National Bank 112

Back 14

Structured similarly to the first BUS it was he second Bank and was created in 1816. It helped federal taxes and regulated the amount of money circulating the economy. It was very unpopular among western land speculators.

Front 15

Bank wars 113

Back 15

Conflict between Andrew Jackson and the president of the BUS Nicholas Diddle. Jackson began taking funds out of the bank and putting them into pet banks for the frontier. Jackson believed that the bank was having too much power to do things. He vetoed the 2nd bank charter which led to economic fluctuations.

Front 16

Wildcat/pet banks 114

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Banks that issued wildcat currency to speculators. They were operated under state charters and allowed farmers to take out loans to buy ka D. But eventually these farmers would lose money on the land, leading to the bank to start to fail again.

Front 17

Whigs 115

Back 17

Political party that was against the actions of Andre Jackson. They believed in a strong federal government over the states. They also believed that Andrew Jackson abused iOS powers took much as he had used his veto much more than any other president prior to him

Front 18

Indian Removal Act 116

Back 18

Act put in place by Andrew Jackson. This act made for the immediate forced removal of all Cherokee people eastward of the Mississippi River. This was a rather controversial act as it violates Andrew Jackson's oath of office.

Front 19

Cherokee v Georgia 117

Back 19

Court case in 1831 in which the Cherokees fought for the defense against the Indian Removal Act. Chief Justice John Marshall did acknowledge the rights if the Cherokee people but also noted that because they were not a state, that they did not have the ability to sue the US government.

Front 20

Trail of Tears 118

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The trail of tears was a result of the India. Removal Act put in place by Andrew Jackson. The. Cherokee people were forcibly and violently moved westward of the Mississippi. This mass moving of Cherokee people led to the deaths of over 10000 of them.

Front 21

Irish famine migration 119

Back 21

Migration caused by widespread famine and lack of money in Ireland. Over 1 million irish people migrated to America. They weren't exactly welcomed by the Americans as they did not fit in with the ideal standard of an American.

Front 22

German 48ers 120

Back 22

German people who fled to America due to political troubles and crop failures in Germany. They were more accepted by the American people as they fit more of the American ideal as they were protestant like the Americans.

Front 23

Nativism 121

Back 23

A growing ideology of the ideal American citizen. Nativism beliefs included the idea of WASP that the ideal American was a White Anglo-Saxon Protestant. This belief was mainly a reaction to the widespread immigrations if Germans and irish people into America in order to separate the true Americans from others.

Front 24

American System

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System proposed by Henry Clay. The American system was a method in order to support the industry in the north. It consisted of the second National BUS, a protective Tariff in order to boost the American industry, and the building of transportation infrastructure in order.to boost the speed of transportation.

Front 25

Cumberland Road

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National road that first began construction in 1811. It was a large milestone for transportation as it was on of the first actual roads built and stretches all the way from Virginia to Maryland.

Front 26

King cotton

Back 26

Term used by people of the south to emphasize the importance of cotton in the industries. The south urged the north saying that the north needed the souths cotton as cotton was the most vital resource of both industries. The power of cotton created a more independent lifestyle that was more distrustful of authority.

Front 27

Apologists/paternalism

Back 27

Term that was used to describe the people in support of slavery. They were given these names due to the fact that in their reasoning for the use of slavery, it was not sincere and they didn't really plan on stopping. They used excuses like how they were benefiting the slaves and that here is much better than where they came from.

Front 28

Nat Turner's rebellion

Back 28

A rebellion in 1831 in which may Turner led an attack against whites in Virginia. This led to the deaths of 70 slaves and 60 whites. This rebellion led to tightened slave codes and restrictions on freedom for blacks in the south.

Front 29

Market Revolution

Back 29

Periods of Expansion of markets and industries in the first half of the 1800s. This led to a mass production economy that were made cheaply and efficiently. Key points of this market revolution included interchangeable parts, division of labor, and machine factories.

Front 30

Urbanization

Back 30

A population shift of America from rural areas to more urban areas. This was a major shift in the lifestyle of the people of society and occurred mainly because of the emergence of a factory worker society so people lived more closer to the cities to adapt to these jobs

Front 31

Samuel splaters spinning machine

Back 31

Samuel splater marked the beginning of the factory system in America. He brought over the ideas he has learned in Britain over to America. One of his main inventions was the spinning machine. This kickstarted the American industrial revolution as it allowed the production of wool to be much faster.

Front 32

Factory System

Back 32

Factory system started by Samuel Splater. It led to a work force mainly focused on divisions of labor where multiple people would do on skin. This factory system led to a large growth of the economy as they were able to mass produce products for the industry.

Front 33

Lowell Mill System

Back 33

A women only textile factory located in Massachusetts. This system was designed to control almost all aspects of the lives of the women who worked there. Although it did have such a strict way of being run, it was seen as the ideal textile factory for women and most women wanted to go there despite the strict construction of it.

Front 34

Erie canal

Back 34

A man made canal that connected the great lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. This resulted in a large population surge in new York and greatly improved the transportation of goods around America.

Front 35

Railroads 134

Back 35

Innovation that had a lasting impact on 19th century industrial life. It allowed for effective transportation of goods and direct routes of travel. This lead to a more national market which linked together cities which were originally separated.

Front 36

Eli Whitney's cotton gin and interchangeable parts 135

Back 36

Two inventions both made by Eli Whitney's which had a major effect on the north and the south. The implementation of the cotton gin allowed for cotton to be picked and separated much quicker than before. Prior to the cotton gin, it would take hours to obtain one pound of cotton

Interchangeable parts had a large part on that north because prior to this, parts were made by hand so each part of the same thing was different but this allowed everything to be the same and the emergence of a factory system came with it.

Front 37

Telegraph 136

Back 37

Invention by Samuel Morse which allowed for quicker communication. It was developed in the 1830s and gave people the ability to contact each other almost instantaneously from long distances which helped unite the states.

Front 38

McCormick's reaper and John Deere's plow 137

Back 38

Reaper was invented in 1831 and allowed for easier and more effective farming. This made it possible for farmers to effectively handle larger amounts of land. John Deere's plow made it easier for crops to be planted into the ground so farmers could make more food.

Front 39

Manifest destiny

Back 39

It was the idea that it was the god given right of Americans to travel westward and conquer sea to shining sea.

Front 40

Monroe doctrine

Back 40

Doctrine which declared that no other foreign nation besides nations which were already there could conquer any parts of the Americas. This doctrine also insured that any country already here who is attacked by a foreign country shall be protected by the united States.

Front 41

Missouri Compromise

Back 41

Missouri wanted to join the union as a slave state but this would.disrupt the balance of free and slave states. The compromise made that Maine would join as a free state and Missouri would join as a slave state and Congress would make a line along the bottom of Missouri stating that any state below would be slave and s y state above would able free.

Front 42

Steam engine/steamboat

Back 42

Steam engine was made useful by James watt in the late 18th century and was applied to steamboats. The invention of steamboats allowed for travel upriver which was a problem beforehand as people could only travel one way. This was a much faster and cheaper method than before and was preferred by most people.

Front 43

Tallmadge amendment

Back 43

Amendment proposed in order to slowly stop slavery in Missouri. It planned for no more entry of slaves into Missouri and children born slaves were able to slowly transition out of slavery.

Front 44

Texas annexation

Back 44

After their victory in the texas revolution, texas sought to enter into the US. Texas was originally denied e try into the US for 9 years due to the fact that they wanted to enter as a slave state which would upset the balance of slave and free states. Texas was annexed however in 1945 by John Tyler.

Front 45

Mexican-American war

Back 45

War between Mexico and the us over the area of California. The Us at first sought to buy the California territory but Mexico denied. This lead to conflict between the two and America ultimately winning the war and obtaining California for 15 million dollars in the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848.

Front 46

California gold rush

Back 46

Founding of gold in 1848 which sparked a massive immigration of people to California in search of gold. This was beneficial to California because it made a large population growth which allowed California to surpass the usual requirements of a state to join the union and the massive gold finding made it more likely for them to be admitted because the government wanted to benefit from the gold.

Front 47

Romantic Period

Back 47

Period during the early 19th century focused on art and literature that stressed feelings and emotions. This art style focused on the study if nature and acts of heroism which were usually over exaggerated to add emotion.

Front 48

Knickerbocker

Back 48

A writing club consisting of three men: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant. These men were all pioneers in American literature especially poetry and novels.

Front 49

Hudson River School

Back 49

First school of American art. Started in 1825 and ended in 1870. They usually painted landscapes of the Hudson River and the surrounding New England areas.

Front 50

Cult of Domesticity

Back 50

Belief of women that surfaced in the 1800s. It was based on the belief that women should stay out of the work force and instead stay and work at home where they belong. They also believed that women should be more religious than men.

Front 51

Separate spheres ideology

Back 51

This ideology was based on the idea that men and women both play different res in society. Men were seen as being a part of a public sphere that involved labor and the government. Women were placed in a private sphere that focused in fact life and housework.

Front 52

Transcendentalism

Back 52

Philosophical movement during the 1820s and 1830s. It was mainly a reaction to the recent occurring of industrialization and Urbanization. This focused on the idea that people must escape from this corruption of modern society and return to the simplicities of nature. Transcendentalists of the time included Henry David Thoreau and Margaret Fuller.

Front 53

Henry David Thoreau

Back 53

Transcendentalist writer commonly known for his book Walden: Or Life in the Woods. Thoreau took this ideology to heart as he decided to stray away from civilization and live in the forest for two years.

Front 54

Second great awakening

Back 54

A start of revivals beginning in 1801 mainly focused on Methodism and baptism. This movement had lasting impact on prison reform, the temperance movement, and the morals and reasoning behind slavery.

Front 55

Charles g finney

Back 55

Known as the father of revivalism. He was best known for the belief that people were in control of their own destinies and had the ability to decide if they would be given salvation or not.

Front 56

Utopias

Back 56

The ideas of utopias appeared in the 1830s and 1840s and people sought to achieve this idea of a perfect society. These ideas were common among Christian and evangelical people.

Front 57

Shakers

Back 57

Religious group that advocated for communal membership and the idea of gender equality for everyone. They established small utopian communities and did not believe in having children and needed members to join for them to grow.

Front 58

Mormons

Back 58

Also known as the church of latter-day saints were a religious group founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. They started in new York but were driven out due to their practices so they migrated to present day utah where they claimed a large group of land which was slowly little away by the government.

Front 59

Dorothea dix

Back 59

Teacher and author who argued against unfair treatment of insane prisoners. She gathered resources and statistics which eventually led to the change of treatments of criminals in the US.

Front 60

Horace mann

Back 60

Secretary of the Massachusetts board of education. He sought reform in the public education System and his efforts set the standards for the education system across the whole nation.

Front 61

Abolitionism

Back 61

The belief that slavery should be immediately abolished. Prior to the civil war, the north held very few abolitionists but eventually grew more prominent and popular among the people in the north.

Front 62

Temperance

Back 62

The belief or act of abstinence from drinking alcohol. It was considered essential to most religions and one of the top virtues to follow. It was seen as a threat to the morality of the public and most preachers held sermons against the idea of temperance.

Front 63

Women's Christian temperance group

Back 63

Union founded in 1874, advocated for the idea of temperance and spread missionaries around the world to preach about the benefits of temperance.