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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Features of a science : control |
All extraneous variables need to be controlled in order to establish cause and effect |
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Features of a science : objectivity |
Researchers should remain unbiased |
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Features of a science: predictability |
Researchers should aim to predict future behaviour from their findings |
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Features of a science: falsifiability |
Only regarded as a science of the researcher accepts it can be proved false |
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Features of a science: replication |
Whether the research can be repeated with similar outcomes |
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Wilheim Wundt - ket points |
• Created the first psychology lab in Germany • Investigated human consciousness • Broke down behaviours such as sensation perception (structuralism) |
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Wilheim Wundt - introspection |
Asked pps to view moving visual stimuli whilst writing down all their thoughts and feelings. These were then analysed to try and understand the mental processes of the human mind |
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Wilheim Wundt - impact strength |
Praised for being the first to use the empirical method and the use of standardised procedures allowed for replications |
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Wilheim Wundt - impact weakness |
Emotions can’t be studied under controlled conditions - rejected for being too subjective |
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Behaviourist approach - key assumptions |
• everyone is born a blank slate (tabula rhasa) • behaviour is determined by nurture •behaviour is learnt through association and reinforcement |
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Behaviourist - classical conditioning |
Pavlov study: NS (Bell) —> no response UCS (food) —> UCR (salivate) UCS + NS —> UCR after conditioning CS (Bell) —> CR (salivate) |
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Behaviourist - operant conditioning |
Skinner box study: Rats placed in a Skinner box and when they accidentally press a lever a pellet of food is released. This is positive reinforcement and therefore the rat will produce this behaviour again. Secondly, rats will receive a shock if they don’t press the lever which is positive punishment and increases the likelihood of them pressing the lever |
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Behaviourist - EVALUATION |
strength 1 : It has practical applications, used to treat anxiety based problems such as phobias. Association of fear can be unlearnt . Improves real lives Strength 2 : It is scientific, relies on lab experiments which have standardised procedures and high levels of control. Capable of making valid cause and effect Weakness 1 : Limitations of animal research, animals don’t have free will like we do so shows us little about human behaviour. May not be valid Weakness 2 : It is deterministic, skinner believes free will is an illusion which has a pessimistic view of human behaviour. Controversial approach |
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Social learning theory - key assumptions |
• learning occurs through the process of observing others |
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Social learning theory - key assumptions |
• learning occurs through the process of observing others |
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SLT - modelling |
When an individual produces a behaviour and we observe them doing this |
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SLT - live models |
Example - parents peers siblings teachers friends |
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SLT - symbolic models |
Example - tv characters , celebs |
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SLT - Imitation |
After observing a behaviour being produced we may imitate it and reproduce it ourselves |
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SLT - Imitation |
After observing a behaviour being produced we may imitate it and reproduce it ourselves |
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SLT - imitation more likely to occur if ... |
Same sex Expect positive consequences We think we can do it |
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SLT - Vicarious reinforcement |
When we view others being reinforced for behaviour |
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SLT - Mediational processes |
Internal mental processes that occur after viewing the behaviour It is not automatic Decision based on self efficacy |
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SLT - Mediational processes |
Internal mental processes that occur after viewing the behaviour It is not automatic Decision based on self efficacy |
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SLT - outline banduras research |
Sample of 3-5 yr olds In a room with bobo doll hammer and other toys Condition one : adult portrays aggression Condition two: adult portrays passive behaviour Results: more likely to reproduce aggressive behaviour if they had viewed aggressive behaviour |
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SLT - evaluation strengths |
Strength 1: Practical applications, treat anxiety based problems like phobias by watching individuals interact with the fear. Improves the lives. Strength 2: It is scientific, relies on lab experiments which have standardised procedures and high control. Can establish cause and efffect Strength 3: Less reductionist than others, banduras research doesn’t reduce behaviour to a basic level. Praised for being more holistic |
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SLT - evaluation weaknesses |
Research lacks internal validity, all done in lab settings so children may have acted differently. May not be valid |
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Cognitive approach - key assumptions |
• internal mental processes can be studied scientifically •can study mental processes by making inferences • mental processes are similar to that of a computer |
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Cognitive approach - key assumptions |
• internal mental processes can be studied scientifically •can study mental processes by making inferences • mental processes are similar to that of a computer |
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Cognitive - inferences |
Observing behaviour and using logic to make inferences about what caused that behaviour |
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Cognitive approach - attention def |
How we select important info from the environment |
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Cognitive - thinking def |
How we use info to solve problems |
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Cognitive - memory def |
How we store and retrieve info when it’s needed |
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Cognitive - role of schemas |
Collecting and storing info in memory about something |
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Cognitive - role of schemas |
Collecting and storing info in memory about something |
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Cognitive schema research |
Allport and postman Investigated the way schemas distort our memory. Showed participants a photo of a scenario and pps asked to recall details Results: most said the black man was holding the knife when in fact it was the white man. Schema of stereo types and criminality |
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Cognitive - computer model |
Computer analogy describes inputs processes and outputs |
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Cognitive - cognitive neuroscience |
Study of brain processes , PET and FMRI scans Provides images of active areas of the brain whilst completing a task |
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Cognitive - frontal lobe |
Episodic memory Experiences |
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Cognitive - temporal lobe |
General IQ Facts common knowledge |
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Cognitive - Cerebellum |
Procedural memory How to do things |
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Cognitive - evaluation strengths |
1: Practical applications, led to development of CBT , shown to be successful in treating depression by replacing irrational thoughts. Improve real lives 2: It is scientific, research is highly replicable and relies on lab experiments which have high control. Can establish cause and effect |
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Cognitive - evaluation weaknesses |
1: Research lacks ecological validity. Memory experiments include meaningless stimuli. Not representative of real life 2: It is reductionist. Reduces complex behaviour doesn’t acknowledge emotion. Oversimplifies |
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Biological approach - key assumptions |
Need to look at physical structure to understand behaviour Behaviours are inherited Study the role of chemical changes |
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Biological approach - frontal lobe |
Motor cortex Expressive language and higher cognition |
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Biological approach - parietal lobe |
Somatosensory cortex Pain |
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Biological approach - parietal lobe |
Somatosensory cortex Pain |
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Biological approach - occipital lobe |
Visual cortex Interpreting visual info |
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Biological approach - parietal lobe |
Somatosensory cortex Pain |
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Biological approach - occipital lobe |
Visual cortex Interpreting visual info |
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Biological approach - temporal lobe |
Auditory cortex Interpreting sounds |
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Biological approach - parietal lobe |
Somatosensory cortex Pain |
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Biological approach - occipital lobe |
Visual cortex Interpreting visual info |
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Biological approach - temporal lobe |
Auditory cortex Interpreting sounds |
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Biological approach - phineas gage |
Pole through his left cheek behind the eye and exited his brain and skull Survived but experience severe personality changes Showed frontal lobe is involved in personality |
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Biological approach - influence of genes |
Child inherits 50% from each parent Inheriting traits depends on the reaction to other genes and environment |
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Biological approach - influence of genes |
Child inherits 50% from each parent Inheriting traits depends on the reaction to other genes and environment |
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Biological approach - genotype def |
The biological makeup of cells copied into every cell |
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Biological approach - influence of genes |
Child inherits 50% from each parent Inheriting traits depends on the reaction to other genes and environment |
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Biological approach - genotype def |
The biological makeup of cells copied into every cell |
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Biological approach - phenotype def |
Observable characteristics due to genes and environment |
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Biological approach - influence of genes |
Child inherits 50% from each parent Inheriting traits depends on the reaction to other genes and environment |
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Biological approach - genotype def |
The biological makeup of cells copied into every cell |
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Biological approach - phenotype def |
Observable characteristics due to genes and environment |
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Biological approach - MAOA |
Warrior gene - greater risk of becoming a serial killer ( depends on other genes and environment) |
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Biological approach - influence of genes |
Child inherits 50% from each parent Inheriting traits depends on the reaction to other genes and environment |
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Biological approach - genotype def |
The biological makeup of cells copied into every cell |
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Biological approach - phenotype def |
Observable characteristics due to genes and environment |
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Biological approach - MAOA |
Warrior gene - greater risk of becoming a serial killer ( depends on other genes and environment) |
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Biological approach - neurochemistry |
Brain produces neurotransmitters Over/under activity of these can result in mental disorders due to chemical imbalance |
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Biological approach - influence of genes |
Child inherits 50% from each parent Inheriting traits depends on the reaction to other genes and environment |
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Biological approach - genotype def |
The biological makeup of cells copied into every cell |
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Biological approach - phenotype def |
Observable characteristics due to genes and environment |
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Biological approach - MAOA |
Warrior gene - greater risk of becoming a serial killer ( depends on other genes and environment) |
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Biological approach - neurochemistry |
Brain produces neurotransmitters Over/under activity of these can result in mental disorders due to chemical imbalance |
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Biological approach - schizophrenia |
Over activity of dopamine Delusions, catatonic behaviour |
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Biological approach - influence of genes |
Child inherits 50% from each parent Inheriting traits depends on the reaction to other genes and environment |
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Biological approach - genotype def |
The biological makeup of cells copied into every cell |
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Biological approach - phenotype def |
Observable characteristics due to genes and environment |
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Biological approach - MAOA |
Warrior gene - greater risk of becoming a serial killer ( depends on other genes and environment) |
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Biological approach - neurochemistry |
Brain produces neurotransmitters Over/under activity of these can result in mental disorders due to chemical imbalance |
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Biological approach - schizophrenia |
Over activity of dopamine Delusions, catatonic behaviour |
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Biological approach - depression |
Under activity of serotonin Difficulty sleeping low mood |
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Biological approach evaluation - strengths |
1: Practical applications, Led to development of drug treatments to correct imbalance and minimise symptoms eg anti depressants. Improves lives 2: It is scientific, brain scanning etc is objective can be replicated. Establish cause and effect |
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Biological approach - evaluation weaknesses |
1: Low in internal validity, concordance rates In monozygotic twins are never 100% suggesting environment does play a part. 2: Reductionist, reduces behaviour down to a purely physical level. Oversimplifies |
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Psychodynamic approach - key assumptions |
Behaviour is determined by early childhood experiences Behaviour is influenced by things in our unconscious mind Behaviour is motivated by sex and aggression |
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Psychodynamic approach - key assumptions |
Behaviour is determined by early childhood experiences Behaviour is influenced by things in our unconscious mind Behaviour is motivated by sex and aggression |
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Psychodynamic approach - conscious mind |
Thoughts perceptions |
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Psychodynamic approach - key assumptions |
Behaviour is determined by early childhood experiences Behaviour is influenced by things in our unconscious mind Behaviour is motivated by sex and aggression |
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Psychodynamic approach - conscious mind |
Thoughts perceptions |
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Psychodynamic approach - pre conscious mind |
Memories stored knowledge |
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Psychodynamic approach - unconscious mind |
Unacceptable Sex desires, fears, shame, shameful violent motives |
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Psychodynamic approach - unconscious mind |
Unacceptable Sex desires, fears, shame, shameful violent motives |
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Psychodynamic approach - Freudian slip |
Slips of the tongue can reveal what is inside our unconscious mind |
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Psychodynamic approach: ID |
Develops when we are born Pleasure operating Main function is being irrational |
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Psychodynamic approach: ID |
Develops when we are born Pleasure operating Main function is being irrational |
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Psychodynamic approach - EGO |
Develops at age 2 Reality principle Uses rationality and logic to mediate between Id and superego |
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Psychodynamic approach - superego |
Develops at age 5 Morality principle Punished ego with guilt for wrong doings |
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Psychodynamic approach - dominating super ego |
Depression |
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Psychodynamic approach: ID |
Develops when we are born Pleasure operating Main function is being irrational |
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Psychodynamic approach - EGO |
Develops at age 2 Reality principle Uses rationality and logic to mediate between Id and superego |
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Psychodynamic approach - superego |
Develops at age 5 Morality principle Punished ego with guilt for wrong doings |
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Psychodynamic approach - dominating super ego |
Depression |
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Psychodynamic approach- dominating id |
Schizophrenia |
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Psychodynamic approach- dominating id |
Schizophrenia |
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Psychodynamic approach- defence mechanisms |
Repression - forcing a distressing memory into the unconscious mind Denial- refusing to acknowledge it Displacement - transferring emotion to a substitute target |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages ORAL |
0-1 Mouth Weaning conflict Oral fixation as a consequence |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages ORAL |
0-1 Mouth Weaning conflict Oral fixation as a consequence |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages ANAL |
1-3 Anus Controlling bladder Result in Messy or perfectionist |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages ORAL |
0-1 Mouth Weaning conflict Oral fixation as a consequence |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages ANAL |
1-3 Anus Controlling bladder Result in Messy or perfectionist |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages PHALLIC |
3-5 Genitals Discovering gender Phallic personality |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages ORAL |
0-1 Mouth Weaning conflict Oral fixation as a consequence |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages ANAL |
1-3 Anus Controlling bladder Result in Messy or perfectionist |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages PHALLIC |
3-5 Genitals Discovering gender Phallic personality |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages LATENCY |
No zone Develops social relationship skills No consequence |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages ORAL |
0-1 Mouth Weaning conflict Oral fixation as a consequence |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages ANAL |
1-3 Anus Controlling bladder Result in Messy or perfectionist |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages PHALLIC |
3-5 Genitals Discovering gender Phallic personality |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages LATENCY |
No zone Develops social relationship skills No consequence |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages GENITAL |
sexual desires Strong sex interest in others No consequences |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages ORAL |
0-1 Mouth Weaning conflict Oral fixation as a consequence |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages ANAL |
1-3 Anus Controlling bladder Result in Messy or perfectionist |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages PHALLIC |
3-5 Genitals Discovering gender Phallic personality |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages LATENCY |
No zone Develops social relationship skills No consequence |
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Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages GENITAL |
sexual desires Strong sex interest in others No consequences |
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Oedipus conflict |
Young boys have a sexual attraction to their mother Fear their fathers due to seeing them as competition (castration fear) Conflict ends when boy identifies with father |
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Psychodynamic approach- case study little hans |
Phobia of horses, father wrote to Freud . Phobia developed after denies access to parents dad Was preoccupied with penis and told it would be cut off |
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Psychodynamic approach- case study little hans |
Phobia of horses, father wrote to Freud . Phobia developed after denies access to parents dad Was preoccupied with penis and told it would be cut off |
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Psychodynamic approach- evaluation strengths |
1: Practical applications, led to the development of psychoanalysis which has evidence to have been successful. Improves lives |
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Psychodynamic approach- case study little hans |
Phobia of horses, father wrote to Freud . Phobia developed after denies access to parents dad Was preoccupied with penis and told it would be cut off |
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Psychodynamic approach- evaluation strengths |
1: Practical applications, led to the development of psychoanalysis which has evidence to have been successful. Improves lives |
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Psychodynamic approach evaluation weaknesses |
1: Not scientific, research lacks objectivity, highly subjective . Less valid and can’t establish cause and effect 2: Lacks internal validity, case studies focus on one individual so can’t be generalised 3: Deterministic, behaviour is due to instinctive drives out of our control so regarded as controversial |
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Psychodynamic approach- case study little hans |
Phobia of horses, father wrote to Freud . Phobia developed after denies access to parents dad Was preoccupied with penis and told it would be cut off |
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Psychodynamic approach- evaluation strengths |
1: Practical applications, led to the development of psychoanalysis which has evidence to have been successful. Improves lives |
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Psychodynamic approach evaluation weaknesses |
1: Not scientific, research lacks objectivity, highly subjective . Less valid and can’t establish cause and effect 2: Lacks internal validity, case studies focus on one individual so can’t be generalised 3: Deterministic, behaviour is due to instinctive drives out of our control so regarded as controversial |
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Humanistic - key assumptions |
People have free will We must look at the whole person Studies unique subjective human experiences |
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Psychodynamic approach- case study little hans |
Phobia of horses, father wrote to Freud . Phobia developed after denies access to parents dad Was preoccupied with penis and told it would be cut off |
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Psychodynamic approach- evaluation strengths |
1: Practical applications, led to the development of psychoanalysis which has evidence to have been successful. Improves lives |
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Psychodynamic approach evaluation weaknesses |
1: Not scientific, research lacks objectivity, highly subjective . Less valid and can’t establish cause and effect 2: Lacks internal validity, case studies focus on one individual so can’t be generalised 3: Deterministic, behaviour is due to instinctive drives out of our control so regarded as controversial |
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Humanistic - key assumptions |
People have free will We must look at the whole person Studies unique subjective human experiences |
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Humanistic - what is free will |
Free will is the ability to make decisions despite environmental influences and reject them |
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Psychodynamic approach- case study little hans |
Phobia of horses, father wrote to Freud . Phobia developed after denies access to parents dad Was preoccupied with penis and told it would be cut off |
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Psychodynamic approach- evaluation strengths |
1: Practical applications, led to the development of psychoanalysis which has evidence to have been successful. Improves lives |
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Psychodynamic approach evaluation weaknesses |
1: Not scientific, research lacks objectivity, highly subjective . Less valid and can’t establish cause and effect 2: Lacks internal validity, case studies focus on one individual so can’t be generalised 3: Deterministic, behaviour is due to instinctive drives out of our control so regarded as controversial |
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Humanistic - key assumptions |
People have free will We must look at the whole person Studies unique subjective human experiences |
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Humanistic - what is free will |
Free will is the ability to make decisions despite environmental influences and reject them |
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Humanistic - Carl Rogers key points |
Everyone is capable of human growth Everyone needs unconditional positive regard and self worth to achieve happiness |
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Psychodynamic approach- case study little hans |
Phobia of horses, father wrote to Freud . Phobia developed after denies access to parents dad Was preoccupied with penis and told it would be cut off |
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Psychodynamic approach- evaluation strengths |
1: Practical applications, led to the development of psychoanalysis which has evidence to have been successful. Improves lives |
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Psychodynamic approach evaluation weaknesses |
1: Not scientific, research lacks objectivity, highly subjective . Less valid and can’t establish cause and effect 2: Lacks internal validity, case studies focus on one individual so can’t be generalised 3: Deterministic, behaviour is due to instinctive drives out of our control so regarded as controversial |
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Humanistic - key assumptions |
People have free will We must look at the whole person Studies unique subjective human experiences |
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Humanistic - what is free will |
Free will is the ability to make decisions despite environmental influences and reject them |
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Humanistic - Carl Rogers key points |
Everyone is capable of human growth Everyone needs unconditional positive regard and self worth to achieve happiness |
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Humanistic- unconditional positive regard |
Type of love where you will be accepted no matter what/ despite any faults |
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Psychodynamic approach- case study little hans |
Phobia of horses, father wrote to Freud . Phobia developed after denies access to parents dad Was preoccupied with penis and told it would be cut off |
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Psychodynamic approach- evaluation strengths |
1: Practical applications, led to the development of psychoanalysis which has evidence to have been successful. Improves lives |
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Psychodynamic approach evaluation weaknesses |
1: Not scientific, research lacks objectivity, highly subjective . Less valid and can’t establish cause and effect 2: Lacks internal validity, case studies focus on one individual so can’t be generalised 3: Deterministic, behaviour is due to instinctive drives out of our control so regarded as controversial |
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Humanistic - key assumptions |
People have free will We must look at the whole person Studies unique subjective human experiences |
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Humanistic - what is free will |
Free will is the ability to make decisions despite environmental influences and reject them |
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Humanistic - Carl Rogers key points |
Everyone is capable of human growth Everyone needs unconditional positive regard and self worth to achieve happiness |
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Humanistic- unconditional positive regard |
Type of love where you will be accepted no matter what/ despite any faults |
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Humanistic- positive self worth |
When a person feels confident and positive about themselves and accepts failures |
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Humanistic- congruence |
If we are free from conditions of worth we can become fully functioning |
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Humanistic- ideal and actual self |
Ideal - what you think you should be Actual - what you think you are |
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Humanistic- Maslow hierarchy of needs |
1: breathing food water shelter 2: employment resources 3: friendship family 4: self esteem respect 5: self actualisation |
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Humanistic- Maslow hierarchy of needs |
1: breathing food water shelter 2: employment resources 3: friendship family 4: self esteem respect 5: self actualisation |
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Humanistic- self actualisation traits |
Deep appreciation of life, unusual sense of humour, spontaneity, strong morals |
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Humanistic- evaluation strengths |
1: Practical application, led to person centred therapy to treat mild conditions such as anxiety. Improves lives 2: Less reductionist, considers the whole person. Doesn’t oversimplify |
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Humanistic- evaluation strengths |
1: Practical application, led to person centred therapy to treat mild conditions such as anxiety. Improves lives 2: Less reductionist, considers the whole person. Doesn’t oversimplify |
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Humanistic evaluation - weaknesses |
1: It’s not scientific , many ideas are not objective and rejects empirical methods. Cause and effect can’t be established 2: Methodological flaws, culturally biased and only focuses on western culture. |
