Applied A&p (Last Mine Review) Test 1 :(

Front 1

What makes up the osteon and where are they found?

Back 1

Circular layer contains osteocyes …surround the haversian canal. Osteons are found in compact bone

Front 2

What part of the bone do you find osteons?

Back 2

Compact bone surround the haversians canal

Front 3

What is the differ btwn the periosteum and endosetum?

Back 3

Osteobalsts- are immature osteocytes and secrete collagen and osteoid


Osteoclasts—remove ca bone and osteod as part of the growing/remodeling

Front 4

What are the fxs of each of the three types of bones cells in the the intramembranous and intracartilginisou bone formation?

Mesenchymal cells

Osteogentics
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Canaliliculi

Back 4

(1)msechymal cells- form a membrane hyaline cartilage in the area where bone is to be formed

They differ into osteogenic cells
(2)osteogenic cells become osteblasts (3)osteoblasts secrete collagen and preteoglycans of the osteoid (4) mature to become the osteocytes (5)processe form the canalilcui radiating btwn the lacunae in ca bone

Front 5

How does the long bone grow in diameter?

Back 5

By deposition of bone beneath the periosteum (2)osteogenic cells produce the osteoblasts that secrete the bone collar around the diaphysis (3)cont outside deposition of bone by osteoblasts and the inside remove of bone by osteoclasts in te shaft of the bone marrow increasing the diameter and thickness is controlled

Front 6

What is the differ btwn the diaphysis and epiphysis?

Back 6

(1)diaphysis-is the thick part of the shaft of the bone (2)epiphysis-long end of the bones

Front 7

How does the shaft of the bone grow in length?

Back 7

In region btwn the primary ossification and zone of reserve cartilage, cartilage cells multiple and form the zone of proliferation
(2)this zone lengths the cartilage model of the shaft at each end which increases the length of the bone.

After birth, the 2nd ossification center develops at the bone in the area of cartilage reserve,

(3)the zone of multiplation now lies in btwn the primary and 2nd ossification centers forming the epispheal growth plate

Front 8

(in addition to the growth plate), the zone of proliferation can also be called the (1)

Back 8

Zone of multiplication

Front 9

What do cardiac, skeletal mm have in common?

Back 9

Light and dark bands,,,,arranged with actin and myosin filaments…have well developed sacroplasmic cells

Front 10

What is the differ btwn the cardiac and the skeletal mm>

Back 10

Cardiac mm= have one or two nuclei centrally lying
-involuntary contraction (auto)
Cardiac fibers directly attach end to end of other cardiac fibers
-can split at one end and attach to the ends of others
-have intercalated discs

Skeletal- mm have multiple nuclei along the periphery of the cell
-voluntary contraction
-do not attached directly to other skeletal fibers…attach to bone, ligaments, tendons etc
-ends of mm fibers do not split
-skeletal mm do have intercalated discs

Front 11

What makes up the A band?

Back 11

Myosin filaments w overlapping actin myofilaments

Front 12

What makes up the I band?

Back 12

Mostly actin filaments

Front 13

What is the fxs of the sacroplasmic reticulum?

Back 13

To rapidly store and release ca needed for cross bridge

Front 14

What is the main type of cartilage found in each of the following structures?
Articular cartilage?

Back 14

Hyaline cartilage except at tmj-fibrocartilage

Front 15

What is the main type of cartilage found in each of the following structures?
Vertebral disc

Back 15

fibrocartilage

Front 16

What is the main type of cartilage found in each of the following structures?
Knee meniscus

Back 16

fibrocartilage

Front 17

What is the main type of cartilage found in each of the following structures?
Epiphyseal growth plate?

Back 17

Hyaline cartilage

Front 18

What is the differ btwn hyaline and fibrocartilage?

Back 18

Hyaline-fine network of type ii collagen fibers

Fibrocartilage-dense network of type I collagen fibers

Front 19

What are three ways that skeletal mm can differ from one another? (7)

Back 19

(1)fiber arrangement (2)speed of contraction (3)fatigability (4)fiber length 95)fiber thickness (6)fiber type composition (7)force of contraction

Front 20

What do hyaline and fibcrocartilage all have in common? (3)

Back 20

The cell type is always chrondrocytes and both types of cartilage are found in the joints and have lacuna

Front 21

What do all skeletal mm have in common? (7)

Back 21

Multiple nuclei (2)myofilaments (3)sacromeres (4)arrangement of myofilaments in bands (5)wel developed sacroplasmic reticulm (6)epimysium, perimysium, endomysium (7)voluntary neural control

Front 22

How do the sympathy fibers from the T sc enter the sympathetic chain?

Back 22

Through the ventral root, sn, and the white ramus communicans

Front 23

How do the symp fibers chain leave the sn of sc?

Back 23

Through the gray ramus

Front 24

For the sci, tell which auto fibers would be affected?

C6

Back 24

n./a

Front 25

Where can you find the symp fibers vs the parasymp fibers?

Back 25

see notes

Front 26

For the sci, tell which auto fibers and body part would be affected?
T4

Back 26

Symp to to the thorax and upper limb

Front 27

For the sci, tell which auto fibers and body part would be affected?
L1

Back 27

Symp to pelvis and lower limb

Front 28

For the sci, tell which auto fibers and body part would be affected?
S3

Back 28

Parasymp to the pelvic organs

Front 29

what 6 structures make up the the L facet joit?

Back 29

(1)superior articular process of the interior vertebra (2)inferior atricular process of the upper vertebra (3)superior atricular facet of the interior vertebra (4)interior atricular face of the upper vertebra 95)menisci (6)capsule

Front 30

stability of the costovertebral joint is mainly attachd by what ligament?

Back 30

radiate ligament

Front 31

how are the costvertebral joint and the costotransverse joint mainly attached by what ligament?

Back 31

the costovertebral is btwn the head of the of the rib and the costal facets of the two adjacent vertebrae plus teh intervening interverbral dics

the costotransverese joint is btwn the tubericel of the rib and the inferior aspect of the rib costal facet on the transverse process

Front 32

what structures directly prevent the dens from compressing the sc?

Back 32

the transverrse ligament of the atlas (2)the cruciform ligament (3)tectoiral membrane (4)alar ligament (5)aical ligament

Front 33

what ligament resist the foard slipping of the lumbar veretbrae?

Back 33

anterior longitduinal

Front 34

what makes up the cruciform ligament? (3)

Back 34

superior longitudinal ligament (2)inferior longitudina ligament (3)transverese logintiudal ligament of the atlas

Front 35

what ligament attach to the dens/

Back 35

alar ligaments of the apical ligament

Front 36

slackening (infolding) of the what ligament could lead to comrpession of the sc?

Back 36

ligametnum flavum and the posterior longitud L

Front 37

what ligaments help to prevent teh facet joint capsule from being piniched by the atricular surfaces?

Back 37

ligmentum flavum

Front 38

of the otehr ligaments, that normally stabilze the sacroilliac joint, which ligaments indirectly stabilze?

Back 38

the sacrotubereous and scarospinious

Front 39

what vertebra could be affected by the blocking of the spinal artery off the dorsal ramus artery?

Back 39

the spinal artery divides into the anteiror and posterior radicular arteries

these areas affected areL

vertebral artery (decreases flow to the anterior radicular artery) and the vertebral arch, formed by the pedicle lamina, spinious process, transverse process, and facet joints (due to decreased flow in the posterior radicular artery)

Front 40

what areas of the vertbrea could be affected by blocking the posterior radicular artery?

Back 40

the vertebral arch, formed by the pedicle, lamina, spinious process, transverse process, and facet joints

Front 41

if the venous output is reduced by blockage of the intervertebral vein, what venous structure in teh spinal canal could dilate and compres the sc?

Back 41

anterior and posterior longitudtinal sinuses and anterior and psoterior vertebral plexi

Front 42

what vertebral structures would be affected w the following lesions?
C5 spinal nerve?

Back 42

sn- contain four fx components
somatic (afferent and efferent and visceral afferent)..they split into ventral and dorsal rami and sinuvertebral nerves also arise from the sn w in the spinal canal.

thus, sn would affect the sinuvertebral n and the dostal and ventral rami.

it would affect the a)sinuvertbral n innervation to the posterior and postlateral surfaces of the annulus fibrisous of c4/c5 and c3/c4 as well as the posterior longitduinal ramus to the facet joints of c4/c5 , c3/c4, and c5/6, interspinous ligament and the periosteum of the vertrbrae and the anterior surface of teh annulus fibrious and the anterior longitudinal iagement by the branches of the symp chain at the spinal level

Front 43

what vertebral structures would be affected w the following lesions?
l3

Back 43

sn- contain four fx components
somatic (afferent and efferent and visceral afferent)..they split into ventral and dorsal rami and sinuvertebral nerves also arise from the sn w in the spinal canal.

thus, sn would affect the sinuvertebral n and the dostal and ventral rami.

the facet joints L2/3, L3/L4, L4/L5, and the other discs are L2/L3, and L3/L4

Front 44

what vertebral structures would be affected w the following lesions?
dorsal ramus of c6

Back 44

facet joint of c4/c5, c5/c6, and c6/c7

Front 45

what vertebral structures would be affected w the following lesions?
dorsal ramus of l2?

Back 45

facet joints= L1/2, L2/3, and L3/4

Front 46

forced flex of teh c spine may stretch which of the vertebral ligaments btwn c3-c5?

Back 46

ligatmentum nuche, face joint capsule (3)posterior longitudinal

but now also including the

ligamentum flavum may be stretched but UNLIKELY to be be torn bc of elastic

Front 47

hyperext of the c spine from c4-c6 or lumbar spine from l3-l5, could tear what vertebral ligaments?

Back 47

ALL (c4-C6)

iliolumbar ligaments (l3-l5)

Front 48

an exagerated kyphosis of the T spine would stretc hwhich of the vertebral ligaments?

Back 48

superspinous, and interspinious lgiaments w slight stretch to he posterior LL

Front 49

an exagerated lordosis, spine would stretch, which of the vertebral ligaments?

Back 49

ALL

Front 50

vertebrae are formed by what types of bone formation?

Back 50

intracartilganious boen form

Front 51

at birth, waht parts of teh vertabare not ossified?

Back 51

the spinious process and neurocentral joints

Front 52

after birth, where do the 2nd ossification center form?

Back 52

tip of the spinios process, (2)end of transverse process (3sueprior and inferior periohery of the body

Front 53

what is the diffe btwn spinia bifidia and spina bifidia cystica w menigomyelocele?

Back 53

in meingomyeocele- there is a protrusion of the meninges of the sc.

spinia bifidida occuluta- small depression w no protrusion

Front 54

whihc of the sup back mm move the scapula? (3)

Back 54

trap, levator scapulae, and teh rhomboids

Front 55

w a F flexion of the head and neck, which mm could be stretched and possible damaged, what if it was force side bending to the right?

Back 55

(10the ext of the head and neck may be damaged w f foward bending (upper trap, spleniucaptiis and cervicis, semispinalis captis and cervici, longissimus capitis, and cerviics multifidisis, cervcic and spinal cervicisis)

side bending would primary damage the mm that are lateral flexors on the side opp of the motion including the sternoclastoidmastoid mm, upper trap, levator scapulae, spleius capitis, cervicis, longissimus capitis, and cervicis

Front 56

if you have pain in the lateral aspect of the low back which mm are most likley involved? (3)

Back 56

quadratus lumborum , illocostal lumbrorum, and liatissmis dorsi

Front 57

an increase in teh T kyphosis would stretch which mm of theregion?

Back 57

te trap (2rhomboids (3)vertebral exte of the T spine suchas the ilicostalis, longissiumi, and spinalis

Front 58

which mm whould generate the following actions?

rotation of the head

Back 58

L trap
L strencleidmastoid
(3)right spleinus capitis (4)right longissiumus capitis (5)left semispinalis capitis (6)right rectus capitis posterior major (7)right obliquus capitis inferior

Front 59

which mm whould generate the following actions?
side bending of the head and neck?

Back 59

HEAD
sternocleidomastoid
(2)upper trap (3)spleunis captiis (4)longisismus capitis (5)obliquus captisis superior

NECK
(1)spleiuns cervicis (2)iliocoastalis cervicisis (3)longissimus cervicsis (4)intertransversarius (5)scalenes (6)lev scapulae (7)trapezius

Front 60

which mm whould generate the following actions?
ext of the lumbar spine

Back 60

iliostalis lumborum (2)multifidus (3)interspinalis 94)quadratus lumborum

Front 61

which mm whould generate the following actions?

ext of t spine

Back 61

ilicostalis thoracisis (2)longissiumus thoracics (3)semispinalis thoracis (4)multifidus (5)spinus (6)interspinalis

Front 62

which mm whould generate the following actions?

side bending of the lumbar spine

Back 62

iliostatlis lumborum (2)multifidus (3)intertransverasius (4)quadratus lumborum (5)psoas major

Front 63

if your pat has dorsal ramus lesion at l4, what mm would be inolved?

Back 63

if the dorsal ramus is affected the ilicoastalis lumborum, multifidis, rotatores longi and brevi, and interspinales

Front 64

if your pt has a sn injury at L4, waht mm would be involed?

Back 64

if the dorsal ramus is affected the ilicoastalis lumborum, multifidis, rotatores longi and brevi, and interspinales

plus the quaratus lumborum

Front 65

if your pt has a sn injury at L4, waht mm would be involed?

Back 65

weak ext, lateral flex, and rotation

Front 66

if your pat has dorsal ramus lesion at l4, what mm would be inolved?

Back 66

weak ext, laeral flex, and rotation

Front 67

if your pt has L4 sn injury, what facet joints would be affected?

Back 67

facet joints at L3/L4, L4/L5, and L5/S1 would be affeted but not hte dics

Front 68

if your pt has L4 dorsal ramus injury, what facets are damaged

Back 68

facet joints at L3/L4, L4/L5, and L5/S1

dics at l3/L4 and L4/L5 would be affected