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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What was the human genome project designed for?
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To improve knowledge and understanding of genetic disorders and thus improve diagnosis and treatment. |
Improve |
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What are the aims of the human genome project? |
1) identify all genes within the human genome and identify which chromosome each is on. 2) determine sequence of DNA based pairs and store it into a data base. 3) improve tools of data analysis. 4) transfer related technology to private medical companies to develop medicine. 5) a dress ethical and moral issues. |
Ethical, economical and health reasons |
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What were the main findings of the human genome project? |
1) 20500 genes found in humans 2) more repeated DNA segments than predicted 3) 7% of protein families were specific to humans |
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What is different in the NTPs that were newly synthesised during Sanger sequencing? |
They don't have an OH in the 3' and 2' ends of the deoxyribose sugars. Therefore it will not be able to join to the next nucleotide and thus doesn't lengthen. |
Sanger sequencing |
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What is electrophoresis? |
A lab technique that separates molecules on the basis of size, by raeburn of migration under voltage. |
Volts and separating |
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What types of markers are used to mark NTPs? |
1) radioactive isotopes 2) antigens 3) fluorescent markers |
3 types |
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Why did it take long to sequence DNA using Sanger sequencing? |
Because it takes time to break DNA into fragments, synthesise complementary strands that have marked nucleotidess and put the DNA mixture through electrophoresis. |
Time |
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What Is the propose of the 100K genome project? |
1) Create ethical guidelines 2) Develop NHS genome service 3) improve and discover new medicines 4) develop UK genome industry |
Ethical and legal |
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What are the moral and ethical concerns of the 100K genome project? |
Ownership of genetic information, Genetic relatedness could lead to discrimination, companies may make financial profit using DNA sequences, health insurance can be denied for soon to die patient, some people may not want to know such information about them selves, diseases can be checked in embryos etc. |
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What is a vector? |
A Virus or plasmid which is used as a vehicle for carrying foreign genetic material into a cell. |
Vehicle |
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What is a plasmid? |
Small circular loop of self-replicating double stranded DNA in bacteria |
Circle |
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What is reverse transcriptase? |
An enzyme derived from retrovirus, that catalyses the synthesis of cDNA from RNA template |
Enzyme |
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What is a restriction enzyme? |
Bacterial enzyme that cuts sugar phosphate backbone of DNA molecules at a specific nucleotide sequence. |
Enzyme |
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What is meant by 'sticky ends'? |
A sequence of unpaired bases on a double stranded DNA molecules that readily based pairs with complementary strands. |
Pairing |
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Why isn't insulin from animals used rather than insulin from bacteria? |
1) Because there's less risk of an adverse immune response to the foreign antigens on the protein. 2) the use of animals for medical purposes is reduced. |
Immune system |
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What is a primer? |
A strand of DNA about 10 nucleotides long that forms hydrogen bonds with the ends of a long strand of a single DNA helix. DNA polymerase attaches to the double stands made by the primers prior to replication |
Replication |
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What does PCR stand for? |
Polymerase chain reaction |
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What does STR stand for? |
Short tandem repeats |
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Give 2 examples of vectors of Malaria? |
Anopheles gambiae and prasite plasmodium falciparium |
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What is the problem of A. gambiae becoming resistant to parathyroid? |
Because they become resistant to all insecticides in the parathyroid class. Parathyroid insecticides are the the only ones that are recommended in African countries. |
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How will DNA sequencing of A. gambiae help in reducing death caused by malaria? |
It will help in the development of drugs that would make them susceptible to insecticides once again |
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What editing technology was used to genetically modify mosquito DNA? What effect did this have? |
CRISPR-Cas9. A gene was added to allow them to produce antibodies against plasmodium. Plasmodium wouldn't survive in the mosquito. |
Immunity |
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Why weren't the modified mosquitos released into the wild? |
Because there is still uncertainty in how genetic modification can change interactions between genes and if it could lead to spread of other deseases |
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What caused plasmodium to become resistant to quinine? |
Spontaneous mutations. |
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Why are there so many drugs that plasmodium is resistant to? |
Because of unregulated and poorly supervised drugs produced which lead to plasmodium to become drug resistant. |
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What does chloroquine do to plasmodium? |
It disrupts the digestion of haemoglobin in plasmodium vacule. |
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What happens to chloroquine when plasmodium becomes resistant to it? |
It expels it our of its food vacule 50 times faster than non- resistant plasmodium which doesn't give the drug enough time to take effect |
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What does Atovaquone do to plasmodium? |
It affects Thier electron transport chain by not oxidising reduced NAD and reduced FAD. Thus there can't be an electrochemical gradient. |
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What does artimesinin do to plasmodium? |
In combination with other drugs, it affects it's RBCs although the mechanism isn't fully understood |
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What is another name for 'genetic fingerprinting'? |
DNA profiling |
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What are the techniques of DNA profiling? |
1) PCR 2) Electrophoresis |
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What are exons? |
The sections of the genome that code for proteins. |
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Where are introns located? |
Between exons |
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What are repeats found in introns called? |
Short tandem repeats |
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Why is DNA profiling effective in distinguishing between individuals? |
The number of repeats within each STR is different in different individuals except in identical twins |
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What for on replication of DNA takes place during PCR? |
Semi conservative |
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During PCR, why is the original sample heated to 95°C? |
To break hydrogen bonds between DNA strands. |
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