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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Government |
The leadership and institutions that make policy decisions for a country
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Politics
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Pertaining to power
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Empirical data
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Factual statements and statistics
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Normative issues
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Empirical data with judgement
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Hypothesis
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A speculative statement regarding the relationship between a set of variables
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Variables
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Measurable traits that change with varying conditions
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Causation
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When an independent variable influences a dependent variable
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Independent variable
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A variable that affects the dependent variable
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Dependent variable
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A variable that depends on the independent variable
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Correlation
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When a change in one variable happens with a change in another variable
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Three-world approach
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The model of comparing countries that are first, second, and third world
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Third world
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Nations that were not allied with the US or USSR during the Cold War and are underdeveloped
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Civil society
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Citizens
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Informal politics
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How civil society impacts formal politics
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States
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The organizations that maintain a monopoly of violence over their territories
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Institutions
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Stable, long lasting organizations that help political ideas become reality
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Sovereignty
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The ability to carry out policies within borders without inside or outside interference
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Nation
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A group bound together by a shared political identity
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Nationalism
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The sense of belonging that differentiates nations
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Regimes
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When a country's institutions and practices carry over across time while leaders and issues change
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Indirect democracies
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Elected officials represent people
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Direct democracies
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People vote on all issues
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Parliamentary system
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Legislature votes for executives
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Presidential system
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People vote for executives
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Parliamentary sovereignty
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Legislature in a parliamentary system being independent of the executive branch
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Head of state
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Symbolizes regime's power and natures
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Head of government
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Deals with everyday tasks
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Checks and balances
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A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
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Separation of powers
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Makes sure power gets shared and no branch becomes dominant
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Semi-presidential system
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A system with a prime minister and president
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Elites
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People who hold political power
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Communism
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An authoritarian system in which the communist party controls everything
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Corporatism
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An authoritarian system in which government officials check in with high-ranking people before implementing policy
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Patron-client systems
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An arrangement in which the patron benefits clients for their support of him
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Totalitarianism
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Term used to describe an oppressive and detested regime
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Military rule
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A government in which the military has intervened
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Coup d'etat
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A forced takeover of the government
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Co-optation
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The way a regime gets support from its citizens
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Patron-clientelism
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State gives individuals/small groups specific favors for public support
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Pluralism
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When power is split among many groups who compete to influence the government
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Democratic corporatism
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When democratic regimes create interest groups that act on the behalf on the state
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Legitimacy
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The right to rule as determined by the people
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Common law
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Laws based on tradition and courts ruling through interpretation of the law
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Code law
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A comprehensive set of written laws (often divided into commercial, civil, and criminal codes)
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Political culture
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Political beliefs, values, and institutions that a government is based on
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Social capital
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Amount of trust between citizens and other citizens/the state
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Consensual political culture
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Accepts regime's legitimacy and solutions to major problems
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Conflictual political culture
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Does not accept regime's legitimacy or solutions to major problems
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Political ideologies
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Values regarding the most basic goals of politics
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Social cleavages
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Things that divide citizens, like religion, class, and ethnicity
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Social boundaries
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Things that separate citizens
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Coinciding cleavages
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When every issue pits the same groups against each other
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Cross-cutting cleavages
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When different groups ally around different issues
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Political efficacy
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A citizen's ability to understand and affect politics
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Subject activities
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Political participation that involves obedience to the government
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Social movements
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Movements that aim to bring or resist change by influencing the public and/or political leaders
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Civil society
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Organizations outside of the state that help define and advance individual citizens' political beliefs
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Tyranny of the majority
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When majority rule ignores the voices of minorities
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Cosmopolitanism
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A universal order that draws its values from across the globe
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Political institutions
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Parts of a political system that govern
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Unitary system
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Political power is located in one place
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Confederal system
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A state with a weak central government
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Federal system
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Power is divided between central and local governments
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Integration
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When states pool their sovereignty to increase their power
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Foreign direct investments
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Purchase of assets in a country by a foreign firm
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Supranational organizations
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Groups of nations that cooperate on regional or international levels
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Centripetal forces
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Forces that unite citizens to each other and to the state
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Centrifugal forces
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Forces that break down unity between citizens and the state
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Nationalism
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Political identities based off of a nation
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Separatist movements
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When nationalities try to break away from the state
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Devolution
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When centralized power gets dispersed to local governments
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Ethnic group
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A groups that belongs to the same culture
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Ethnonationalism
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When an ethnic group sees itself as a nation
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Reform
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Changing methods, not institutions
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Revolution
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Recreating or destroying institutions to change, often involves multiple spheres
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Coup d'etats
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Forceful change of leaders
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Radicalism
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Wanting quick, dramatic changes
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Liberalism
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Wanting gradual changes
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Conservatism
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Wanting no changes
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Reactionary beliefs
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Wanting to reverse past changes
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Competitive elections
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Elections where the incumbent can be defeated
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Liberal democracies
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Free democracies
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Substantive democracies
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Free democracies with multiple methods of infromation
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Illiberal democracies
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Restricted democracies
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Procedural democracies
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Restricted democracies
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"Revolution of rising expectations"
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When the expectation of the standard of living rises
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Democratic consolidation
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When elites and the masses agree to share power
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Political liberalization
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The creation of a substantive democracy
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Bourgeoisie
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Middle-class professionals and businessmen
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Command economy
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An economy where the government owns and controls everything
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Economic liberalization
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Moving towards a market economy
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Market economy
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An economy that is absent of any government influence
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Mixed economy
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An economy with some government influence
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Marketization
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When the government creates a free market
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Privatization
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Transferring property into private hands
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Fragmentation
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Divisions based on ethnic/cultural identities
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Nationalism
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Identities based on nationhood |
