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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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democratic regime
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A government set up that allows the citizens to choose their leadership through free and fair elections
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procedural democracy
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Free and fair elections eligible to all adults
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substantive democracy
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Elections, along with civil rights and civil liberties; corruption is relatively controlled; free press, which citizens have access to.
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democratization
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"the transformation process from a nondemocratic regime to a procedural democracy to a substantive democracy"
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politics
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Who gets what, when, and how; a struggle for power--winner gets to call the shots.
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power
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"the ability to get other people or groups to do what you want, even against their will"
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nation
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a human community with a shared culture, history, geography, and/or a psychological sense of identity,
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the state
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"politcal power exercised over a defined geographic territory through a set of public institutions" along with a monopoly of force
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country
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"the state, government, regime, and people who live within a political system."
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illiberal democracy
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Democracies with authoritarian elements, in which the citizens do not have civil rights or liberties
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government
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the leadership that administers the state
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regime
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"the rules of the game," a.k.a. the rules and norms that control exercise of political power--it's established by administrations over time
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constitution
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"rules that specify the relationship between the state and its citizens and the different parts of the government"
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Legitimacy
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the overall accepted view that the government has the right to rule over the state
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traditional legitimacy
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the right to rule because that's just the way things have always been
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charismatic legitimacy
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the right to rule because of the cult of personality
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rational-legal legitimacy
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the right to rule because of a system of laws/procedures excepted by the general population
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sovereignty
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A state's ability to carry out actions independently;
strong states can take on more responsibilities and carry them out effectively weak states aren't as able to define and carry out political goals failed states are so weak they (will/have already experienced a) break down into anarchy and violence |
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unitary state
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power and authority are derived from the central government
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federal state
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both the states and the centeral government have seperate spheres of authority and the means to implement their power
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confederal state
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ultimate power rests with the states; federal power is derived from state power
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fptp/single-member districts
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winner take all--winner gets the one seat available in an election; e.g. the U.S. Congress
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proportional representation
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votes for parties--not candidates. Parties are represented in legislature according to the percentage of votes received
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political culture
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history, values, beliefs, and traditions influencing political behavior
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political cleavages
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factors that seperate groups--like religion, gender, ethnicity, etc.
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cross-cutting cleavages
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cleavages that include people with differences and strengthen society--they "cancel out," so to speak
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coinciding/polarizing cleavages
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divisions that emphasize differences, weaken society and tear them further apart--like race and class
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civil society
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organizations outside of the state that help people define and advance their own interests (intererst groups, unions, etc.)
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corporatism
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when the government and businesses work closely together in policy-making.
When a limited number of interest groups are sanctioned or created |
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cooptation
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bribing people/exchanging favors
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correlation
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association between variables, like illiteracy and poverty
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causation
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when a change in one variable causes the change in another variable
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democracy
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a system of government with free and fair, regular elections
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liberal democracy
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political competition, economic freedom, civil rights and liberties are allowed and granted
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political attitude
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views regarding status quo in society
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authoritarian regime
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limited rights and liberties; citizens have no choice in regards to policy-making or leadership
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political ideology
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the ideal balance between freedom and equality, the universal set of political values regarding the goals of politics
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liberalism
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as an attitude: favoring evolutionary change of the system.
as an ideology: high priority on individual and economic freedom |
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libertarianism
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favors little government interference in the economy and personal freedoms
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devolution
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the handing down of power to different regions and localities from the central government
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head of state
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symbolizes and represents the people
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head of government
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actually runs the state
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legislature
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the branch of government formally charged with making the laws
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totalitarianism
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a regime featuring a strong official ideology that seeks to transform important aspects of the state, economy, and society--using different organizations and force to do so
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conservatism
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attitude: supports the states quo--doesn't like change
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presidential system
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the role of head of state and head of government are combined in the office of the president
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parliamentary system
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has an executive head of government generally elected from within the legislature
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judicial review
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the power of the judiciary to review and overturn laws and policies that the courts deem unconstitutional
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clientelism
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the state provides benefits to groups of its political supporters
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GDP
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gross domestic product--the total market value of goods and services produced in a country in one year
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Society
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refers to the institutions as well as human relations--all the organizations that tie a group together
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Social Democracy
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Free and fair elections, plus an emphasis on economic equality
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Socialism
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Ensures that the people make the decisions in order to hae economic equality; it's a step towards communism
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Technocrat
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Division of the elite--they want to liberalize the market and advance technology in order to advance their interests.
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Fusion of Power
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The executive and legislative powers are intermingled, like in a parliamentary system
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Radicalism
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As an attitude: want change in government to happen rapidly
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Rentier state
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a country dependent on one commodity
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Institutions
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executive, legislature, judiciary, bureaucracy
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Neoliberal economic reforms
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A desire to open up the markets coupled with a sense of fiscal responsibility
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Bicameral
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A two-house legislature
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Unicameral
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A one-house legislature
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normative questions
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A question using ideas, regarding what should be done--what is better or worse.
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empirical questions
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questions that can be answered with facts or observations
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revolution
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"a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving"
"the overthrow of a government by those who are governed " |
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communism
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an ideology that upholds equality by eliminating private property and market forces
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fascism
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conservatism in the extreme; single-party state, supreme dictator, and national unity
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PPP
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"An estimate of the buying power of income in each country."
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HDI
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a measure of a country's standard of living
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Gini Index
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Measures the amount of economic inequality in a society
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Authoritarian regime
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"Emphasizes a limited role for the public in decision making and often denies citizen's basic rights and restricts their freedom."
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Developed country
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Has a high income per capita, high GDP, industrialized, high HDI rating
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Developing countries
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low standards of living, underdeveloped (but present) industrial base
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LDCs
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Have low living standards, productivity, and employment levels, outdated tech, limited infrastructure, and low capital
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Underdeveloped
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"lacks industrialization, infrastructure, developed agriculture and developed natural resources, low capita/income."
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GDP
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Total market value of all goods and services produced within a country for a year
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GNP
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Total value of goods and services produced by the residents of a country in a year--even citizens abroad.
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Marxism
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The belief that human history develops in specific phases and that technological advancement will eventually create tension such that the proletariat will overthrough the bourgeosie and create a classless utopia
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Marxist-Leninism
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Focuses on eliminating inequality and promoting economic development. A vanguard of the proletariat will takeover from the capitalists and eventually create a classless utopia
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