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25 Cards in this Set
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What was the Renaissance? |
- The Renaissance was a distinct historical period heralding the modern age, characterized by the rise of the individual, scientific inquiry, geographical exploration, and the faith of secular values. - The renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement with a distinctive style in music, literature and the arts. - (Renaissance means “re-birth” as people re-discovered their learning and looked back to the classical civilizations for inspirations) |
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What changes led to the Renaissance? |
- The Crusades opened up trade routes to the Middle and Far East - The rebirth of classical thoughts and ideas spurred by the rediscovery of ancient texts - The increasing disillusionment with the Catholic Church resulting from corruption and nepotism - A dramatic increase in trade and an accompanying rise in towns as centres of trade. - The initial voyages of exploration led by explorers such as Henry the Navigator from Portugal |
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What was humanism and who was the original humanist? |
- The greatest lasting legacy of the Renaissance - Humanists were concerned with the study of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy - The original Humanist was Petrarch, who stressed the importance of the earthly love of women, which would lead to men loving God as the creator of women. His emphasis on earthly, physical love was typical of the Renaissance. - Humanism was also reflected in architecture with fountains and gardens. - Renaissance churches were simpler then the Gothic Cathedrals and build on a human scale. - Humanism was also evident in paintings and sculptures, focusing on human physical and spiritual beauty respectively. ** Humanism -- A cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized human potential to attain excellence and promoted direct study of the literature, art, and civilization of classical Greece and Rome |
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Why did the Renaissance take place in Italy? |
1. A new interest in the culture of Ancient Rome and Italy was the center of the Roman Empire. 2. The Italian city-states survived the Middle Ages; Florence, Milan, Venice and Genoa 3. A wealthy and powerful merchant class in the city-states promoted the cultural rebirth. |
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Who was the true Renaissance man? |
- Leonardo da Vinci – an Italian painter, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, sculptor, architect, musician, and writer. - He grew up with his father and was exposed to scholarly texts and education through his father’s wealth. - He began as an apprentice to the workshop of Andrea del Verrochio and exceeded his mentor’s abilities. Famously known for painting the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and the Vituvian Man. - He also theorized about scientific possibilities far in advance of his time (e.g. helicopters, tanks, submarines etc.) - Leonardo’s works across innumerable mediums capture the essence of the Renaissance: an acute reception to the rebirth of classicism nixed with new scientific understandings. |
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What led to the Protestant Reformation? |
- New renaissance ideas - Martin Luther, who was influenced by humanist philosophy - Rejection of the opulence and extravagance of papacy - Criticism of the formalism of religious practice - A desire for a simpler, more human style of religion |
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What were the main ideas of Martin Luther and what did he have against the church? |
- Rejected 5 of the 7 sacraments because they were not in the bible - Simplified the elaborate rituals of mass --> emphasizing the sermon He believed: - That god was merciful and that salvation was granted through his mercy - Salvation was gained through faith alone, not doing good deeds - Regarded the Bible as the only source of religious truth, not church councils or the pope - Rejected the notion that priests and the church hierarchy has special powers |
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What were the four aspects leading to the reformation? |
1. Primogeniture 2. The sale of indulgences 3. Intellectual developments 4. The printing press |
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What were the four aspects of the catholic counter-reformation? |
1. Council of Trent 2. The Roman Inquisition 3. The Jesuits 4. The Roman Index of Prohibited Books |
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What two discoveries led to the scientific revolution? |
The discovery of the New World and the discovery that the earth revolves around the sun. |
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What was the scientific revolution and how did it differ from previous held ideas in science? |
The scientific revolution was a breakthrough in our understanding and interpretation of heavens and earth. Progress was being made in knowledge and man’s nature to comprehend. The old views of the world saw the earth as geocentric and made up of the four elements: earth, air, fire, and water. They also saw Jerusalem as the center of the earth and believed in hierarchical cosmology. |
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Describe the connection between science and the Church. |
People were seeing that the theories made by the church were not matching what they were seeing. Galileo made the inquisition and made new discoveries that were against church |
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What was Absolutism and its appeal? |
Age of government in which the King or Queen has complete control over the government and its people (autocracy, centralized government, nation states) Monarchs based their claim on the Divine Right where authority comes from God and they were above the law. The appeal of absolutism was: - The desire for an end to the “iron century” - Wars caused by turbulence (French religious wars, thirty years war in Germany, and the English civil war.) - The alternative to the turbulence was domestic order from a strong centralized government - Obey divine rulers, achieve social and political harmony |
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How did Louis XIV practice absolutism, and how did he use the Palace of Versailles to his advantage? |
- He deprived it of political power, while increasing its social prestige - He also surrounded himself with his vanity and made people flatter him in order to get close to him politically (basement). Called himself the “Sun King” and loved his lavished lifestyle in Versailles. - Louis XIV used the Palace of Versailles to his advantage as he was able to keep a close eye on all of the nobles living in it (kept his enemies close) |
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Explain why England was the anti-thesis of Absolutism. |
Since England had developed a parliament which established the Magna Carta that contained the Rule of Law. In each case of a King not meeting expectations parliament either had them removed or killed in one instance (Charles I and James II). This allowed parliament to have more power than the monarch themselves leading England to becoming a limited monarchy which is the opposite of an absolutist government. |
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Petrarch |
- The original Humanist who stressed the importance of the earthly love of women, which would lead to men loving God as the creator of women. His emphasis on earthly, physical love was typical of the Renaissance. |
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Gailileo |
Major component in the scientific revolution as he developed one of the first advanced telescopes and supported the views of Kepler and Copernicus that the earth was heliocentric. - Wrote the "Letter to Grand Duchess Christina", and challenged the bible / Catholic church - discovered bodies in motion continue unless a resistance is introduced |
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Indulgences |
These were sold by the Catholic Church as a way to supposedly lesssen the sufferings of loved ones who died and were in purgatory (it would help get them into heaven if purchased). Indulgences were actually used as a way for the church to capitalize on economic gain from the faithful members. - The 95 theses revealed the truth about them and people stopped buying them |
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Edict of Nantes |
- Signed in 1598 by Henry IV it provided the Hugenots (French Protestants) with protection to allow them to prctice their religion and fortify the towns. - Later in 1685, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes and deprived the French Protestants of all religious and civil liberties. |
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Guttenberg |
One of the most celebrated inventors in history, chiefly because his the printing press allowed his story, as well as the stories of thousands of others, to be set down on paper. - He invented movable type in the 1440s setting off a revolution involving the spread of knowledge and information |
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Jesuits |
- The Jesuits combined the ideas of traditional monastic discipline with a dedication to teaching and preaching to win back converts |
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Henry VIII |
Henry VIII, king of England, was famously married six times and played a critical role in the English Reformation, turning his country into a Protestant nation. |
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Primogeniture |
It is the right given to the first born son of a family to inherit all of his father's property, titles, and wealth. This was one of the causes towards the reformation as fathers who died would have their young son who was still a child become the next priest. (resulted in unqualified people/ church leaders and added to the corruption) |
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"Sun King" |
Formally known as Louis XIV. He was one of the greatest absolute kings as he declared himself a ruler based on God's divine right. Also he is said to have taken 3 baths in his lifetime along with being famous for building his Palace of Versailles. |
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Cogito Ergo Sum |
A Latin philosophical proposition by René Descartes usually translated into English as "I think, therefore I am". |
