Ap Us History Chapter 10

Front 1

Democracy in America-

Back 1

Alexis de Tocqueville’s 1835 book on the early American republic

Front 2

Social classes-

Back 2

Idea that society is unfairly divided into classes with different opportunities

Front 3

Industrial Revolution-

Back 3

Revolution in manufacturing which greatly increased industrial output. It first occurred in England
in the late 1700s and spread to America.

Front 4

Market Revolution-

Back 4

Revolution in consumption of manufactured goods fueled in America by rising wages and improved transportation which got items to “market” quickly and cheaply thus lowering prices

Front 5

“ten footers”-

Back 5

Traditional New England shoe making shacks

Front 6

Division of Labor-

Back 6

Idea that production of an item is divided between many who perform specific tasks rather than having an artisan make the entire item

Front 7

Entrepreneur-

Back 7

One who risks his/her own capital (i.e. money) to make a profit

Front 8

Factory-

Back 8

A manufacturing facility where all aspects of production are performed on a division of labor basis

Front 9

Assembly lines-

Back 9

The order of tasks in a factory to produce an item using a division of labor

Front 10

Samuel Slater-

Back 10

American textile (i.e. cloth) manufacturer who stole his ideas from British inventor Arkwright

Front 11

Francis Cabot Lowell-

Back 11

American entrepreneur who stole ideas about textile manufacturing while visiting British textile mills. His Boston Manufacturing Co. in Waltham ,MA was the most efficient textile mill in the world to date (1814).

Front 12

“Waltham Plan”-

Back 12

Lowell’s idea to save on labor costs by hiring farm girls and unmarried women to work in mills by offering room and board and enforcing strict moral codes

Front 13

tariff-

Back 13

A tax on imports often put on imported British cloth to protect American textile manufacturers

Front 14

Richard Garsed-

Back 14

American inventor who doubled the speed of power looms in his father’s textile mill in 1837

Front 15

Sellers family-

Back 15

American inventors whose Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, PA trained a new generation of businessmen and inventors

Front 16

Machine tools-

Back 16

Machines for making other machines

Front 17

Mechanics-

Back 17

Skilled workers who used machine tools to factories

Front 18

Samuel W. Collins-

Back 18

American inventor whose Connecticut ax-making co. greatly increased production of axes

Front 19

Tredgar Iron Works-

Back 19

VA co. that made Richmond a regional manufacturing center

Front 20

Eli Whitney-

Back 20

American inventor of the Cotton Gin and interchangeable parts for gun manufacturing

Front 21

Journeymen-

Back 21

Workers (usually at least semi-skilled) whose livelihoods were threatened by industrialization

Front 22

Mechanics’ Union of Trade Associations-

Back 22

Founded in Philadelphia in 1827 to help workingmen get better wages and more political clout

Front 23

Working Men’s Party-

Back 23

Founded in Philadelphia in 1828 to help workingmen. It called for the abolition of banks and universal public education

Front 24

Wage-earners-

Back 24

Workers (usually non-skilled) who worked for others for a set rate

Front 25

Mutual Benefit Society-

Back 25

Shoemakers organization founded in MA in 1830 to push for better wages and working conditions

Front 26

Labor Theory of Value-

Back 26

Idea that the price of an item should be based on the labor required to make it—not on the price people were willing to pay for it

Front 27

Aristocracy of capital-

Back 27

Idea that much wealth was handed down form generation to generation creating a permanent class of wealthy and a permanent class of poor.

Front 28

Panic of 1857-

Back 28

An economic downturn sparked by excess railroad investments

Front 29

Turnpikes-

Back 29

Roads often constructed by private firms for profit which charged a toll

Front 30

The National Road-

Back 30

Turnpike from MD to IL completed in 1839

Front 31

Erie Canal-

Back 31

364 mile publicly-funded canal from Buffalo to Albany NY completed in 1825. It linked the Midwest to the East and was so successful it sparked a canal-building boom

Front 32

Robert Fulton-

Back 32

American inventor of the steamboat Clermont in 1807 on the Hudson River. Steamboats make canals and river systems much more efficient in terms of transporting goods

Front 33

Post-Office Act of 1792-

Back 33

Created a national postal service

Front 34

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)-

Back 34

Marshall Supreme Court ruling that gave federal gov’t the right to regulate interstate commerce

Front 35

John Deere-

Back 35

American steel plow manufacturer

Front 36

Commercial hubs-

Back 36

Urban along important transportation lines that grew as commerce expanded

Front 37

Business elite-

Back 37

The wealthiest merchants, manufacturers, bankers, and landlords

Front 38

The Social Spectrum-

Back 38

The economic ranks from poor to middle class to wealthy

Front 39

Middle Class-

Back 39

A class of earners between the wealthy and poor which grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution

Front 40

The “self-made man”-

Back 40

Idea that through hard work anyone in America could succeed

Front 41

Urban poor-

Back 41

Poor people in cities who were often unskilled and unemployed

Front 42

Benevolent Empire-

Back 42

A collection of organizations dedicated to helping the less fortunate during the Industrial Revolution by institutionalizing charity

Front 43

Lyman Beecher-

Back 43

Leading Presbyterian preacher who promoted the Benevolent Empire and founded the General Union for Promoting the Observance of the Christian Sabbath

Front 44

Isabella Graham-

Back 44

Founder of Benevolent Empire organization Society for the Relief of Poor Widows with Small Children in NY

Front 45

Charles Grandison Finney-

Back 45

Second Great Awakening preacher who taught that people could choose to be saved by behaving properly which appealed to the middle class which had chosen to succeed materially

Front 46

Arthur and Lewis Tappan-

Back 46

Wealthy silk merchants and supporters of the benevolent Empire in NY City who founded The Christian Evangelist magazine to promote Finney’s ideas

Front 47

American Temperance Society-

Back 47

A Benevolent Empire movement to curtail drinking

Front 48

Nativism-

Back 48

Anti-Catholic, anti-Irish movement of the 1830s which established Native American Clubs which called for limits on immigration, and laws protecting native-born Americans

Front 49

Samuel F.B. Morse-

Back 49

Telegraph inventor and Nativist whose book Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States in 1834 warned of a Catholic threat to American republicanism