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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Urbanization |
The increasing # of people that migrate from rural to urban areas. It predominantly results in the physical growth of urban areas, be it horizontal or vertical. |
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Difference between urbanization in LDCs vs MDCs? |
Urbanization in LDCs occur at a fast rate compared to the steady rate of urbanization that occurs in MDCs.l |
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Legal Definition of a city |
Has no international meaning. However.. it is a conglomeration of people and buildings that serves as a center of politics, culture and economics. |
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What is an urbanized area? |
High human population, many human made structures, such as a city or town. |
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Megalopolis |
Group of super cities that have merged together into one large urban area.
Example- bosnywash, Chicago-Detroit-Pittsburgh. |
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Name the 5 zones and their description in Burgess' "concentric zone model" of cities. |
1-CBD-commercial land use. 2-manufacturing and wholesale- industrial/factory zone. 3-lower class housing- working class. 4-middle class housing- professional class. 5-upper class housing- county estates. |
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Describe the 5 zones of the sector model of urban structure. |
1-CBD: central business district; area where retail and office activities are clustered. 2-industry- follows rivers, canals, railroads and roads, low-class work. 3-low class- low income housing, near railroads that feed factories, work in factories, near factory to reduce transportations costs, pollution. 4-middle class- more desirable be far from pollution access to transportation lines for working people. 5-high class- housing on the outer most edge furthest from industry, quite, clean, and a little traffic, has best housing. |
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How does the multiple nuclei model differ from the other two urban models?? |
The multiple nuclei model has multiple CBD as compared to the other two. |
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How does the multiple nuclei model differ from the other two urban models?? |
The multiple nuclei model has multiple CBD as compared to the other two. |
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How do the models of urban structure help geographers? |
They help identify where people and types of business's exist in an urban structure, they study how states build and rebuild cities, and work to understand the interlinkage between political geography and urban geography. |
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How does the multiple nuclei model differ from the other two urban models?? |
The multiple nuclei model has multiple CBD as compared to the other two. |
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How do the models of urban structure help geographers? |
They help identify where people and types of business's exist in an urban structure, they study how states build and rebuild cities, and work to understand the interlinkage between political geography and urban geography. |
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Why is their a tendency for the wealthy to cluster within a city?? |
Easier access to transportation Lots of jobs Influx of jobs and commerce(trade and communication) Access to metropolis(important part of city) |
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How does the multiple nuclei model differ from the other two urban models?? |
The multiple nuclei model has multiple CBD as compared to the other two. |
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How do the models of urban structure help geographers? |
They help identify where people and types of business's exist in an urban structure, they study how states build and rebuild cities, and work to understand the interlinkage between political geography and urban geography. |
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Why is their a tendency for the wealthy to cluster within a city?? |
Easier access to transportation Lots of jobs Influx of jobs and commerce(trade and communication) Access to metropolis(important part of city) |
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Differences between American and European cities. |
1-Europe is less dominated by commercial considerations. 2-European cities are more densely populated 3-American cities are larger |
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What are squatter settlements and where are they found? |
An area within a city in a less developed county in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures. |
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What are squatter settlements and where are they found? |
An area within a city in a less developed county in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures. |
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Define Urban Renewal. |
The redevelopment of areas within a large city, typically involving the clearance of slums. |
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What are squatter settlements and where are they found? |
An area within a city in a less developed county in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures. |
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Define Urban Renewal. |
The redevelopment of areas within a large city, typically involving the clearance of slums. |
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What is gentrification and who has been effected by it?? |
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low income renter occupied area to a predominantly middle class owner occupied area. |
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What are squatter settlements and where are they found? |
An area within a city in a less developed county in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures. |
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Define Urban Renewal. |
The redevelopment of areas within a large city, typically involving the clearance of slums. |
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What is gentrification and who has been effected by it?? |
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low income renter occupied area to a predominantly middle class owner occupied area. |
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Name the 8 zones of the multiple nuclei model |
1-CBD 2-whole sale, light manufacturing 3-low class residential 4-middle class residential 5-high class residential 6-heavy manufacturing 7-outlying business district 8-residential suburb 9- industrial suburb. |
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What are squatter settlements and where are they found? |
An area within a city in a less developed county in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures. |
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Define Urban Renewal. |
The redevelopment of areas within a large city, typically involving the clearance of slums. |
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What is gentrification and who has been effected by it?? |
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low income renter occupied area to a predominantly middle class owner occupied area. |
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Name the 8 zones of the multiple nuclei model |
1-CBD 2-whole sale, light manufacturing 3-low class residential 4-middle class residential 5-high class residential 6-heavy manufacturing 7-outlying business district 8-residential suburb 9- industrial suburb. |
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Name 3 positive and 3 negative effects of urban sprawl and define it. |
The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas Pro- 1-better social integration- since many different people are working together, this develops harmony amongst others. 2-efficiency- water and electricity are easier to supply 3-convenience- easier access to education, health, social services and cultural activities. More advanced communication and transportation.
Con- 1-high usage of power and transportation release more pollution to the air. 2-unemployment-competition for jobs is heavier... leading to unemployment. 3-slums- many recent migrants will be forced to live in unplanned and improvised living conditions. |
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What are squatter settlements and where are they found? |
An area within a city in a less developed county in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures. |
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Define Urban Renewal. |
The redevelopment of areas within a large city, typically involving the clearance of slums. |
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What is gentrification and who has been effected by it?? |
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low income renter occupied area to a predominantly middle class owner occupied area. |
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Name the 8 zones of the multiple nuclei model |
1-CBD 2-whole sale, light manufacturing 3-low class residential 4-middle class residential 5-high class residential 6-heavy manufacturing 7-outlying business district 8-residential suburb 9- industrial suburb. |
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Name 3 positive and 3 negative effects of urban sprawl and define it. |
The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas Pro- 1-better social integration- since many different people are working together, this develops harmony amongst others. 2-efficiency- water and electricity are easier to supply 3-convenience- easier access to education, health, social services and cultural activities. More advanced communication and transportation.
Con- 1-high usage of power and transportation release more pollution to the air. 2-unemployment-competition for jobs is heavier... leading to unemployment. 3-slums- many recent migrants will be forced to live in unplanned and improvised living conditions. |
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What are green belts and have been 2 effects of them?? |
A ring of land maintained as parks, agricultural, or other types of open space that limit the sprawl of an urban area.
1-increased food and farming (increase in jobs) 2-environment- it allows for a cleanse, it produces fresh air and decreases pollution. |
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What are squatter settlements and where are they found? |
An area within a city in a less developed county in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures. |
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Define Urban Renewal. |
The redevelopment of areas within a large city, typically involving the clearance of slums. |
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What is gentrification and who has been effected by it?? |
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low income renter occupied area to a predominantly middle class owner occupied area. |
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Name the 8 zones of the multiple nuclei model |
1-CBD 2-whole sale, light manufacturing 3-low class residential 4-middle class residential 5-high class residential 6-heavy manufacturing 7-outlying business district 8-residential suburb 9- industrial suburb. |
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Name 3 positive and 3 negative effects of urban sprawl and define it. |
The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas Pro- 1-better social integration- since many different people are working together, this develops harmony amongst others. 2-efficiency- water and electricity are easier to supply 3-convenience- easier access to education, health, social services and cultural activities. More advanced communication and transportation.
Con- 1-high usage of power and transportation release more pollution to the air. 2-unemployment-competition for jobs is heavier... leading to unemployment. 3-slums- many recent migrants will be forced to live in unplanned and improvised living conditions. |
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What are green belts and have been 2 effects of them?? |
A ring of land maintained as parks, agricultural, or other types of open space that limit the sprawl of an urban area.
1-increased food and farming (increase in jobs) 2-environment- it allows for a cleanse, it produces fresh air and decreases pollution. |
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Name 2 good effects of zoning and 2 bad effects of zoning. |
Pro- 1-prevents mixing of incompatibility land used 2-conserved environmentally sensitive areas.
Con- 1-may discourage development in certain locations. 2-involves long term commitment to a certain level of community spending. |
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#1 reason suburbs grown since WWII |
Automobiles- transportation. |
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Name 3 reasons offices moved to suburbs since WWII. |
1-cheaper to maintain 2- availability of federal housing 3-development of zoning laws. |
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Give 3 reasons why manufacturing has declined in the CBD. |
1-transformed their waterfronts from industry to commercial and recreational activities. 2-the typical modern industry requires a large percent of land for operation. 3-tourist attractions. |
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Give 3 reasons why manufacturing has declined in the CBD. |
1-transformed their waterfronts from industry to commercial and recreational activities. 2-the typical modern industry requires a large percent of land for operation. 3-tourist attractions. |
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Why do offices tend to cluster or agglomerate in the CBD? |
Because of its high accessibility. |
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Command and control centers |
Many large corporations, banking, insurance, accounting, education, medical, public institutions, advertising, law and public relations. |
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Command and control centers |
Many large corporations, banking, insurance, accounting, education, medical, public institutions, advertising, law and public relations. |
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Specialized producer service centers. |
Narrow and highly specialized variety of services, centers of government and education and major universities. |
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Primate city and 5 examples. |
The largest settlement in a county, and it has twice as many people as the second ranking settlement. Examples: London, Paris, Baghdad, Bangkok, Cairo. |
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Why is the threshold of a service?? |
The minimum # of people required to support a business. |
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Why is the threshold of a service?? |
The minimum # of people required to support a business. |
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Personal services. |
Commercial services, such as catering and cleaning, that supply the personal needs of customers. |
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Why is the threshold of a service?? |
The minimum # of people required to support a business. |
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Personal services. |
Commercial services, such as catering and cleaning, that supply the personal needs of customers. |
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Producer services and examples . |
Accountants, consultance. |
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Why is the threshold of a service?? |
The minimum # of people required to support a business. |
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Personal services. |
Commercial services, such as catering and cleaning, that supply the personal needs of customers. |
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Producer services and examples . |
Accountants, consultance. |
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Transportation services. |
Material,man,machine,etc that shift from one location to another. Taxi MTA |
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Why is the threshold of a service?? |
The minimum # of people required to support a business. |
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Personal services. |
Commercial services, such as catering and cleaning, that supply the personal needs of customers. |
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Producer services examples |
Accountants, consultance. |
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Transportation services. |
Material,man,machine,etc that shift from one location to another. Taxi MTA |
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Public services. |
Provide security and protection for citizens and business. |
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Public services. |
Provide security and protection for citizens and business.
Public schools Hospitals |
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Consumer services and examples. |
To provide services primarily to individual consumers. |
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Consumer services and examples. |
To provide services primarily to individual consumers. |
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Retail services |
Selling consumer goods or services to customers though multiple channels of distribution to earn profit.
Century 21 McDonald's |
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Service |
Any activity that fulfills human needs and wants for money. Airlines Hospitals Banks |
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Morphology |
Layout of the city, its physical form and structure. |
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Morphology |
Layout of the city, its physical form and structure. |
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The hearths of urbanization |
1-Mesopotamia 2- Indus River valley 3-Nile river valley 4-yellow river valley 5-mesoamerica |
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Two important things that enable the formation of cities. |
Agricultural surplus and social stratification (social classes) |
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Mesopotamia |
Where cities were just doing. Between Tigris and Euphrates River. -Social Inequality -walls were built around to protect city. -priest-king class -divided social classes and treated. -lack of sanitation lead to diseases however geographers found many things in the ruble. |
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Mesopotamia |
Where cities were just doing. Between Tigris and Euphrates River. -Social Inequality -walls were built around to protect city. -priest-king class -divided social classes and treated. -lack of sanitation lead to diseases however geographers found many things in the ruble. |
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2-Nile river valley |
-had no walls surrounding it -rulers reflected power by building architecture such as pyramids -the interrelationship between urbanization and irrigation in this region distinguishes it from other urban hearths. |
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3-indus river valley |
-leadership class -no palaces/monuments -equal sizes of houses -access to same infrastructure -significant trade over log distances. |
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4-haung He and Wei river valleys |
-inner wall built -temples/palaces for leadership class -urban elite built enormous/elaborate structures to demonstrate power -slaves do mostly all the work building things. |
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4-haung He and Wei river valleys |
-inner wall built -temples/palaces for leadership class -urban elite built enormous/elaborate structures to demonstrate power -slaves do mostly all the work building things. |
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Mesoamerica |
Cities were religious centers Urban elite showed power with priests temples and shrines -rulers were god kings -structures were built by maya Indians. |
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2nd urban revolution (Europe) |
Industrial revolution began in Great Britain in 18th century. -Europe was very rural around the 1800s and as thousands migrated to cities with industrialization, cities had to adapt to the large populations and changes.
-2nd agricultural revolution was necessary for 2nd urban revolution bc food production had to increase to move to cities and manufacture.
-Europe invented many important improvement in agriculture. -laborers were now freed from fields and migrated to cities -industrialization diffused from Great Britain to the Europe mainland -industrialization lead to cities to become an unregulated jumble of activities. -living conditions were dreadful -working conditions were shocking -lack of sanitation increased -Karl Marc and Frederick Engels encourages "workers of the world" to unite, and European manufacturing cities improved. |
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2nd urban revolution (North America) |
Conditions were better than Europe but some were similar. -during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, manufacturing cities grew rapidly and lead to slums and ghettoes. -2nd half of 20th century, manufacturing changed, factories abandoned the congested and expensive urban areas, which left rust belts. |
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Rank size rule |
If all cities in a county are places in order from the largest to the smallest, each one would have a population half the size of the proceeding city. Rank 1-largest Rank2- half the largest city Rank3-1/3 of the largest city Etc |
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Problems with Ranksize rule |
1-differences between first ranked and second ranked cities are much less than expected (NYC is only 1.3 times larger than LA) 2-differences are way larger than expected (Ex: Kinshasa is 8x larger than the next largest city lubumbashi. |
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Primate city |
Largest city in a nation which dominated the county in size (2x larger than second city) and has a larger influence.
Classic primate city is Bangkok. |
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Primate city |
Largest city in a nation which dominated the county in size (2x larger than second city) and has a larger influence.
Classic primate city is Bangkok. |
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Advantages of primate city |
Job opportunities More developed Enhanced flow of ideas Attracts international trade Centralizes transportation |
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Primate city |
Largest city in a nation which dominated the county in size (2x larger than second city) and has a larger influence.
Classic primate city is Bangkok. |
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Advantages of primate city |
Job opportunities More developed Enhanced flow of ideas Attracts international trade Centralizes transportation |
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Disadvantages of primate cities |
Pollution. Over population. Limited job opportunities . Urban rural inequalities . Unbalance of development .. Concentration of power. |
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Central place theory |
Geographical theory that seeks to explain the population,size,location of human settlements in an urban system/environment.
Based off observations of German geographer Walter Chris taller in 1933 in southern Germany.
-for economic reasons and the spread of goods/ideas.
-made by threshold
-he assumes- People will always purchase goods from nearest location A product in High demand will be offered nearest to the population. |
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Central place theory |
Geographical theory that seeks to explain the population,size,location of human settlements in an urban system/environment.
Based off observations of German geographer Walter Chris taller in 1933 in southern Germany.
-for economic reasons and the spread of goods/ideas.
-made by threshold
-he assumes- People will always purchase goods from nearest location A product in High demand will be offered nearest to the population. |
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What are the two important principles of the central place theory |
Threshold; the minimum number of people to justify a certain good/service and range; the max distance a consumer will travel for a good/service. |
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Why is shifting cultivation declining? |
Commercial agriculture Environmental policies Technological advances |
