Ap Psychology "thinking & Language"

Front 1

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Back 1

cognition

Hint 1

these kind of psychologists study metal activities, including the logical and sometimes illogical ways in which we create concepts, solve problems, make decisions, and form judgments.

Front 2

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Back 2

concept

Hint 2

the word chair sums up a variety of items - a baby's high chair, a reclining chair, the chairs around the dinning room table, a dentist's chair, etc.

Front 3

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to this provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category

Back 3

prototype

Hint 3

If asked to imagine a bird, most people quickly come up with a mental picture that is something like this American robin. It takes them a bit longer to conceptualize a penguin as a bird because it does not match the best example of a small, feathered, flying creature.

Front 4

a methodical, logical rule of procedure that guarantees soling a particular problem.

Back 4

alorithm

Hint 4

to search for chutney you could search every supermarket aisle.

Front 5

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone.

Back 5

heuristic

Hint 5

to search for chutney you could check the mustard, spice, and gourmet sections of the supermarket.

Front 6

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

Back 6

insight

Hint 6

a 10 year old displayed this in solving the problem of how to rescue a young robin that had fallen into a narrow 30" deep hole.

Front 7

a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.

Back 7

confirmation bias

Hint 7

Peter Wason's three-number sequence experiment (2-4-6)

Front 8

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.

Back 8

fixation

Hint 8

How would you arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles? If your attempts to solve this problem are all in 2D, this inability has happened to you.

Front 9

a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem.

Back 9

mental set

Hint 9

given the sequence O-T-T-F-?-?-?, what are the final three letters? Most have difficulty recognizing that they are F(ive), S(ix), & S(even) Know knowing that, could you do this one: J-F-M-A-?-?-? (think months)

Front 10

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.

Back 10

functional fixedness

Hint 10

A person may ransack the house for a screwdriver when a dime would have turned the screw.

Front 11

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.

Back 11

representativeness heuristic

Hint 11

This person is short, slim, and likes to read poetry. Is this person a professor or a truck driver? Before you make your answer, consider how many more truck drivers there are from professors.

Front 12

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common.

Back 12

availability heuristic

Hint 12

The faster people can remember an instance of some event, such as a broken promise, the more they expect it to recur.

Front 13

the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments.

Back 13

overconfidence

Hint 13

"I feel 98% certain that the population of New Zealand is more than __ but less than __."

Front 14

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Back 14

framing

Hint 14

consumers respond more positively to ground beef described as 75% lean rather than 25% fat.

Front 15

the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.

Back 15

belief bias

Hint 15

1) some communists are golfers
2) all golfers are Marxists
3) some communists are Marxists

1) some communists are golfers
2) all golfers are capitalists
3) some communists are capitalists

Front 16

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed have been discredited.

Back 16

belief perseverance

Hint 16

do risk takers or cautious people make better fire fighters? once we've formed opinions on a question like this and developed reasons for our views, we tend to cling to our beliefs- even if the basis for our opinion is undermined.

Front 17

the science of designing and programing computer systems to do intelligent things and to simulate human thought processes, such as intuitive reasoning, learning, and understanding language.

Back 17

artificial intelligence (AI)

Hint 17

Futuristic visions of artificial intelligence, as represented by Data in Star Treck, are far from reality. But things like house-vacuuming robots are in our near future.

Front 18

computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells.

Back 18

computer neural networks

Hint 18

A $1000 personal computer will match the computing speed and capacity of the human brain by around the year 2020.