Ap Psychology Myers 9E Chapter 13

Front 1

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Back 1

Personality

Front 2

A method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Back 2

Free Association

Front 3

Freud's theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; technique used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Back 3

Psychoanalysis

Front 4

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

Back 4

Unconscious

Front 5

Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the "pleasure principle," demanding immediate gratification

Back 5

id

Front 6

The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, acc. to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality; operates on the "reality principle," satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Back 6

Ego

Front 7

The part of personality that, acc. to Freud, represents internalised ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Back 7

Superego

Front 8

The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) during which, acc. to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zone

Back 8

Psychosexual Stage

Front 9

acc. to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Back 9

Oedipus Complex

Front 10

The process by which, acc. to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

Back 10

Identification

Front 11

acc. to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

Back 11

Fixation

Front 12

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Back 12

Defence Mechanisms

Front 13

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defence mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

Back 13

Repression

Front 14

Psychoanalytic defence mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

Back 14

Regression

Front 15

Psychoanalytic defence mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites; thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings

Back 15

Reaction Formation

Front 16

Psychoanalytic defence mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Back 16

Projection

Front 17

Defence mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions

Back 17

Rationalization

Front 18

Psychoanalytic defence mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

Back 18

Displacement

Front 19

Defence mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities

Back 19

Denial

Front 20

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from out species' history

Back 20

Collective Unconscious

Front 21

A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Back 21

Projective Test

Front 22

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Back 22

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Front 23

The most widely used projective test, a set of 100 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analysing their interpretations of the blots

Back 23

Rorschach Inkblot test

Front 24

According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfil one's potential

Back 24

Self-Actualisation

Front 25

According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Back 25

Unconditional Positive Regard

Front 26

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves

Back 26

Self-Concept

Front 27

A characteristic pattern of behaviour or a disposition to feel and act

Back 27

Trait

Front 28

A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviours; used to assess selected personality traits

Back 28

Personality Inventory

Front 29

The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; originally developed to identify emotional disorder (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes

Back 29

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Front 30

A test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

Back 30

Empiraclly Derived Test

Front 31

Views behaviour as influenced by the interactions between people's traits and their social context

Back 31

Social-Cognitive Perspective

Front 32

The interacting influences of behaviours, internal cognition, and environment

Back 32

Reciprocal Determinism

Front 33

The extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless

Back 33

Personal Control

Front 34

The perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate

Back 34

External Locus of Control

Front 35

The perception that you control your own fate

Back 35

Internal Locus of Control

Front 36

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Back 36

Learned Helplessness

Front 37

The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths, and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Back 37

Positive Psychology

Front 38

In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the centre of personality, the organiser of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Back 38

Self

Front 39

Overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

Back 39

Spotlight Effect

Front 40

One's feelings of high or low self-esteem

Back 40

Self-esteem

Front 41

A readiness to perceive oneself favorable

Back 41

Self-Serving Bias