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77 Cards in this Set
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Developmental Psychology |
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span |
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Zygote |
The fertilized egg; It enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo |
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Embryo |
The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month |
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Fetus |
The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth |
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Teratogens |
(literally: monster maker) agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm |
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Fetal Alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions |
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Habituation |
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. |
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William James |
American psychologist suggested that newborns experience a "blooming, buzzing confusion" accepted until 1960's
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Maturation |
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively influenced by experience. |
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Carolyn Rovee-Collier |
Mobile/kicking experiement... infants able to learn and remember |
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Jean Piaget |
Developmental psychologist ... children reason differently than adults in "wildly illogical ways about problems whose solutions are self-evident to adults".. children's minds develop in stages |
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Cognition |
All the mental activities associate with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
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Schema |
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information |
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Assimilation |
Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas |
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Accommodation |
Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information |
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Developement |
Children construct their understanding of the world while interacting with it. Spurts & plateaus. |
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Piaget's Stage 1 |
Sensorimotor Stage- from birth to about 2 yrs old.. infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities (Associated w/ object permanence and stranger anxiety) |
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Object Permanance |
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived |
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Egocentrism |
The preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. |
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Piaget's Stage 2 |
Preoperational stage- about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age.. a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
Representing things with words & images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning.
(Associated w/ Pretend play and egocentrism) |
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Conservation |
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. |
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Judy Deloache |
Stuffed dog and couch experiement |
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Theory of Mind |
Coined by David Premack & Guy Woodruff to describe chimpanzees ability to read intentions... people's ideas about their own and other's mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thought, and the behaviors these might predict. |
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Jennifer Jenkins & Janet Astington |
Band-aid and pencils experiment |
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Piaget's Stage 3 |
Concrete Operational Stage- the stage of cognitive development from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmatical operations.
(Associated w/ Conservation & mathmatical transformations) |
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Piaget's Stage 4 |
Formal Operational Stage- the stage in cognitive development normally beginning about age 12 during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
abstract reasoning
(Associated w/ Abstract logic & potential for mature moral reasoning) |
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Lev Vygotsky |
Russian developmental psychologist ... studied how a child's mind feeds on the language of social interaction. |
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Harry & Margaret Harlow |
Monkey & terry cloth mothers experiment.. |
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Stranger anxiety |
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age |
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Attatchment |
An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation |
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Critical period |
An optimal period early in life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development |
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Imprinting |
The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life |
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Konrad Lorenz |
1937 duckling imprinting experiment
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Mary Ainsworth |
1979 Strange Situation experiement |
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Dymphna van den Boom |
Dutch researcher parenting vs. temperament experiment |
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Erik Erikson |
Developmental theorist worked with wife, Joan, believed that securely attached children approach life with a sense of basic trust... |
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Basic Trust |
According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers |
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Sandra Scarr |
1986 developmental psychologist explains children are biologically sturdy individuals who can thrive in a wide variety of life situations |
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Eleanor Maccoby |
Developmental psychologist believed the positive correlation between increased rate of problem behaviours and time spent in child care suggested some risk for some children spending extended time in some day-care settings as they're now organized |
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Lea Pulkkinen |
2006 Finnish psychologist studied importance of consistent, warm relationships beyond just preschool years between children and people whom they can learn to trust....career long study led to nationwide program of adult-supervised activities for all first and second graders |
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Self-awareness begins when we can recognize ourselves in a mirror |
Charles Darwin |
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Authoritarian parenting style |
Parents impose rules and expect obedience |
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Permissive parenting style |
Parent's submit to their children's desires. Few demands and little punishment. |
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Authoritative parenting style |
Parents are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting and enforcing rules, but also explain the reason for them. Encourage open discussion when making rules and allow exceptions. |
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self-concept |
Our understanding and evaluation of who we are |
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Adolescence |
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extening from puberty to independence |
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G. Stanley Hall |
1904 one of the first psychologists to describe adolescence, believed that this tension between biological maturity and social dependence creates a period of "storm and stress" |
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puberty |
The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing |
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Primary sex characteristics |
The body structure (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible |
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secondary sex characteristics |
non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. |
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Menarche |
the first menstrual period |
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Spermache |
the first ejaculation |
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Teens are "Less guilty by reason of adolescence" |
Psychologist Laurence Steinberg and law professor Elizabeth Scott |
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Formal Operations |
Jean Piaget... intellectual summit adolescents reach when they apply their new abstract reasoning tools to the world around them. |
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Moral reasoning |
Jean Piaget & Lawrence Kohlberg.. the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong...
To be a moral person is to think morally and act accordingly |
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Kohlberg's moral ladder |
1. Preconventional morality- Before age 9... self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards.
2. Conventional morality- Early adolescence... Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order.
3. Postconventional morality- Adolescence and beyond... Actions reflect belief in basic human right and self-defined ethical principles. |
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Moral Intruition |
Psychologist Jonathon Haidt... much of our morality is rooted in quick, automatic gut feelings, or affectively laden intuitions... |
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Joshua Greene |
Train tracks kill 1 save 5 experiment.. likens moral cognition to a camera... automatic point-and-shoot, sometimes using reason to manually override the camera's automatic impulse. |
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Erikson's Infancy Stage of Psychological Development |
Infancy to 1 yr Issue: trust vs. Mistrust Task: If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.
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Erikson's Toddlerhood Stage of Psychological Development |
1-3 years of age Issue: Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt Task: Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities. |
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Erikson's Preschool Stage of Psychological Development |
3-6 years of age Issue: Initiative vs. guilt Task: Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent. |
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Erikson's Elementary School Stage of Psychological Development
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6 years to puberty Issue: Competence vs. inferiority Task: Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior. |
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Erikson's Adolescence Stage of Psychological Development |
teen years into 20s Issue: Identity vs. role confusion Task: Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are . |
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Erikson's Young Adulthood Stage of Psychological Development |
20's to 40's Issue: Intimacy vs. Isolation Task: Young adults struggle to form close relationships and gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated. |
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Erikson's Middle Adulthood Stage of Psychological Development |
40's to 60's Issue: Generativity vs. stagnation Task: In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. |
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Erikson's Late Adulthood Stage of Psychological Development |
Late 60's and up Issue: Integrity vs. despair Task: Reflecting on his or her life, and older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure. |
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Identity |
Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles |
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Social Identity |
The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships |
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Intimacy |
In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. |
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William Damon |
Psychologist at Stanford.. key task of adolescence is to achieve a purpose- a desire to accomplish something personally meaningful that makes a difference to the world beyond oneself. |
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"The social atmosphere in most highschools is poisonously clique-driven and exclusionary"... "most excluded students suffer in silence.. a small number act out in violent ways against their classmates" |
Elliot Aronson |
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Emerging adulthood |
For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood... have feelings of "in between" |
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Menopause |
The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. |
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Cross-sectional Studies |
A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another |
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Longitudinal Study |
Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period |
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Social Clock |
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. |
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"The healthy adult is one who can love and work" |
Sigmund Freud |
