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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Function of nasal epithelium--what type of epithelium?
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Moistens, filters, and humidifies air--pseudostratified.
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What structures of nose help in circulating air towards epithelium?
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Nasal conchae
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Four sinuses that drain into the nose:
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Frontal sinus, sphenoid sinus, maxillary sinus, and ethmoid sinus.
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Connection between nose and eye:
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Nasolacrimal duct.
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Opening in the nasopharynx:
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Eustachian tube.
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Tonsil located in the nasopharynx:
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Pharyngeal tonsil.
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Epithelium in the oropharynx:
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Stratified squamous epithelium
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Epithelium in the laryngopharynx--passageway for food or air?
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Stratified squamous--passageway for both food and air.
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How many cartilages are in the larynx?
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nine
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Single cartilages of the larynx:
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Thyroid
Cricoid Epiglottis |
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Paired cartilages of the larynx:
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Arytenoid
Corniculate Cuneiform |
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What is the epiglottis, and what type of tissue composes it?
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Elastic cartilage "flap" that folds back over glottis during swallowing to prevent food and other substance to enter trachea.
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What causes epiglottis to open and close?
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Swallowing causes larynx to elevate so that epiglottis can fold back over glottis.
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Which cartilages are vocal cord attached to?
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Thyroid and Arytenoid.
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What tissue comprises vocal cords?
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Elastic fibers and stratified squamous epithelium.
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What is the glottis?
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The space between the vocal cords.
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What are false vocal cords, and where are they located?
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The help prevent food from entering trachea and are used to increase abdominal pressure--located above the true vocal cords.
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How is sound controlled? Pitch and loudness?
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By pushing air through the vibrating vocal cords.
By tautness of the vocal cords and amount of air pushed through vocal cords. |
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Laryngitis
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Swelling and inflammation of the voice box often associated with hoarseness and loss of the voice.
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Where is the trachea located in relation to esophagus?
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Anterior to the esophagus.
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Are the right and left bronchi identical in structure?
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No, the right is wider and runs more vertically.
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Significance of anatomical differences of the two bronchi:
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Aspirated objects are frequently found in the right bronchi rather than the left because it runs more vertically.
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What do the secondary bronchi supply? How many does each lung have?
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They supply a lobe of the lung--the right lung has three, and the left lung has two.
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What do the tertiary bronchi supply?
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A segment of a lobe of the lung.
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What makes the bronchioles so unique?
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They have smooth muscle cells for dilation and constriction.
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How does the mucosa of the wall of bronchi change moving from primary to tertiary?
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The wall becomes thinner.
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How does sympathetic nervous system affect the bronchiole?
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Causes dilation.
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How does adrenaline affect bronchiole?
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Dilation of the bronchiole.
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How does beta-blocker affect bronchiole?
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Causes constriction.
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How does parasympathetic nervous system affect bronchiole?
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Constricts smooth muscle.
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Pathogenesis of asthma
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Bronchiole constriction due to smooth muscle contraction/inflammation or blockage--triggered by emotional response, emotions, sports, weather, etc.
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Respiratory zone of the lung:
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Air exchange (alveolus only)
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Conducting zone of the lung:
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No air exchange (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles)
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What happens in the alveolus?
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Air exchange occurs.
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Structures that oxygen has to pass through through respiratory membrane:
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Simple squamous of alveolus
Basement membrane of alveolus Basement membrane of capillary Simple squamous of the capillary |
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What surrounds the alveoli? Why is that important?
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Elastic fibers--allows for expansion (inhalation and exhalation)
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Function of alveolar macrophage?
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Phagocytize dust and debris (derived from monocytes)
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Function of septal cells?
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Makes surfactant (reduces surface tension/prevent collapse)
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What is the issue with surfactant and newborns?
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Alveoli collapses and there is high surface tension due to lack of surfactant in their underdeveloped lungs, so they have difficulty inhaling and exhaling.
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How many lobes does the right lung have? The left lung?
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3 and 2.
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What are the lobes of the right lung called?
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Superior, Inferior, and middle lung.
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What are the lobes of the left lung called?
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Superior and Inferior lobes.
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What fissure separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung?
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The horizontal fissure.
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What fissure separates the middle and inferior lobes of the right lung?
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The oblique fissure.
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What fissure separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung?
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Oblique fissure.
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Hilus of the lung
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Opening where the pulmonary artery and primary bronchi enter and pulmonary vein exits.
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What is the base of the lung? Apex of the lung?
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Bottom of lung near inferior lobe/ Top of lung, near superior lobe.
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Two blood supplies in the lung:
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Pulmonary circulation and Bronchial circulation.
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Space between right and left lungs:
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Mediastinum
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What is pleura made of?
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Serous membrane (simple squamous and areolar)
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What is the parietal pleura attached to? What is found in the pleural cavity?
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Inside the rib cage and diaphragm.
Fluid |
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What is the key to pressure in the pleural cavity?
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Air flows from higher to lower pressure (always negative)
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What is the visceral pleura attached to?
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The surface of the lung.
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What is pleurisy?
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Inflammation of the pleura, leads to chest pain.
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How many pleural cavities are there?
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Two, one around each lung.
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Pnuemothorax
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Negative intrapleural pressure lost and the lung collapses because of elastic tissue contraction.
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Loss of negative pressure causes lungs to ______
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Deflate/collapse
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Atelectasis
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Collapsed lung
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Three basic processes of respiratory physiology:
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Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration Internal respiration |
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Pulmonary ventilation
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Mechanics of breathing in and out
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External Respiration
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Exchange of gases between alveoli and capillaries of lung (Happens inside the lungs).
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Internal Respiration
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Exchange of gases between capillaries and tissues.
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Where is the respiratory rate controlled?
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Brain stem--pons and medulla oblongata
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Term for normal breathing:
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Eupnea
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Term for faster rate of breathing/Slower rate of breathing?
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Tachypnea and Bradypnea.
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Term for difficulty breathing:
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Dyspnea
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Inspiration
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Increasing volume of the thorax
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If the lungs get larger during inspiration, pressure in the lungs _______
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Decreases.
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Why does air flow into the lungs?
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Because air moves from high to low pressure.
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When the thorax gets larger, the lungs____
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get larger.
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The larger the lungs, the ______ the intrapulmonary pressure.
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Lower.
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Two ways to make thorax larger:
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contracting the diaphragm
contracting the external intercostals |
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Boyle's Law
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By increasing the volume in the thorax, the pressure in the thorax decreases.
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Which muscles are used in breathing during respiratory distress?
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"accessory muscles": Sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, scalenes, etc.
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Why is it important that the pressure inside the pleural cavity remain negative?
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So that visceral pleura will follow parietal pleura
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Which nerve innervates the diaphragm? Which plexus is this nerve from?
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The phrenic nerve--cervical plexus.
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How many phrenic nerves are there? Is it possible to lose function of half the diaphragm?
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Two--it is possible because both nerves each supply one half of the diaphragm.
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What happens in the lungs when negative pressure in pleural cavity is lost?
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Lungs will have tendency to recoil.
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Compliance
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Measurement of elasticity of lung (lost with aging).
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The higher the compliance, the more ______ the lung.
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Elastic
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Expiration--active or passive?
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Largely passive--diaphragm relaxes and pushes up, decreasing intrapulmonary volume and increasing pressure, forcing air out of lungs.
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Increase in air resistance will greatly affect which part of respiration?
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Expiration
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Normal Tidal volume value:
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500ml--amount of air normally inhaled/exhaled in one breath.
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Expiratory reserve volume--normal value
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Normal value around 1200ml
Once normal breath is exhaled, additional amount that can be exhaled. |
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Inspiratory reserve volume--normal value
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3000 ml
Once normal breath is inhaled, additional air that can be taken in. |
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Vital Capacity--normal value
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4700 ml
Total exchangeable air in the lungs VC= IRV + TV + ERV |
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Total lung capacity--normal value
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6 liters
VC + Residual volume in the lungs |
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Residual volume--normal value
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around 2300 ml
Air that remains in lungs after maximal exhalation |
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FEV1
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Forced expiratory volume in one second--4800ml
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Minute volume of respiration
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Tidal volume X bpm
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Alveolar ventilation
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Breaths per minute X (TV--Dead air space)
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Partial pressure
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Each gas in mixture has own pressure proportional to concentration of gas in the mixture.
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COPD--how does it lead to emphysema?
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Lung diseases that block airflow during exhalation, making breathing difficult--the blocked airflow leads to irreversible damage to the lungs.
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How could pulmonary ventilation be affected by an accumulation of pleural fluid in pleural cavity?
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Affects ability of lungs to contract and expand effectively.
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Two ways that oxygen travels through the blood:
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Attached to hemoglobin (97%)
Dissolved in plasma (3%) |
