A&p Ii

Front 1

Blood usually passes through one network of capillaries from the time it leaves the heart until the time it returns, but there are exceptions, notably the __________.

Back 1

portal systems and anastomoses

Front 2

The _______ is the first vessel blood enters upon exiting the heart.

Back 2

aorta

Front 3

The ______ expand and recoil with every heart beat due to a histologically dominant network of elastic tissue in the tunica media.

Back 3

large (elastic) arteries

Front 4

Just prior to entering capillary beds, ______have become extremely thin and present only a few layers of smooth muscle.

Back 4

arterioles

Front 5

The site of gaseous exchange, or ________, are characterized by extremely thin walls with only endothelium and basal lamina, which better suits diffusional requirements.

Back 5

capillaries

Front 6

After exiting the capillary, _______ contain no muscle and are the first vessel that blood enters on its way back to the heart.

Back 6

venules

Front 7

The _______ contain abundant but irregularly spaced smooth muscle with frequent valves present in the tunica interna.

Back 7

medium veins

Front 8

The superior vena cava is an example of a _______ that includes smooth muscle circularly and longitudinally arranged in the tunica media and externa, respectively.

Back 8

large vein

Front 9

What is(are) the physiological purposes of vasoreflexes?

Back 9

To cause a generalized raising or lowering of blood pressure throughout the body and to selectively modify the perfusion of a particular organ by rerouting blood from one region of the body to another

Front 10

What occurs during a period of exercise?

Back 10

The sympathetic nervous system can selectively reduce blood flow to the kidneys and digestive tract.The sympathetic nervous system can increase perfusion of the skeletal muscles.Metabolite accumulation in a tissue can stimulate local vasodilation.

Front 11

Blood flow is______according to metabolic needs. After a meal ________ receive priority and the skeletal muscles receive very little flow. During exercise the skeletal muscles receive_____ blood flow.Most of the redirection will occur in the _____.

Back 11

redirected, the intestines, more, arterioles

Front 12

How do materials get from the blood to the surrounding tissues?

Back 12

Diffusion, filtration and absorption, and transcytosis

Front 13

True statements regarding edema?

Back 13

Cerebral edema can produce headaches, nausea, and sometimes delirium, seizures, and coma.As the tissues become congested with fluid, oxygen delivery and waste removal are impaired and the tissues may begin to die.Pulmonary edema presents a threat of suffocation as fluid replaces air in the lungs.

Front 14

Typically, fluid filters _____ the arterial end of a capillary. Fluid will then osmotically reenter at the ______ end.This fluid delivers materials to the cells and removes its ____. The shift in fluid at the arterial end of the capillary is CAUSED by blood _____ pressure.This is the physical force exerted by a ______ against a surface like a capillary wall.

Back 14

out, venous, waste, hydrostatic, liquid

Front 15

Where are baroreceptors found?

Back 15

Carotid sinuses

Front 16

Action potentials are conducted from the baroreceptors to the brain via which nerve?

Back 16

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 17

The action potential from the brain to the heart travels along which nerve(s)?

Back 17

Vagus nerve

Front 18

T/F? Heart rate and stroke volume decrease with a decrease in parasympathetic stimulation.

Back 18

False

Front 19

T/F? Increased sympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation, bringing elevated blood pressure back to normal.

Back 19

False

Front 20

The blood flow to the body organs is ________ to the resistance of the arterioles leading to them

Back 20

inversely proportional

Front 21

What is the effect of vasodilation?

Back 21

It increases blood flow and decreases blood pressure.

Front 22

What is the effect of vasoconstriction?

Back 22

It decreases blood flow and increases blood pressure.

Front 23

T/F? Blood pressure is directly proportional to vessel resistance.

Back 23

True

Front 24

T/F? Blood flow is affected by both blood pressure and vessel resistance.

Back 24

True

Front 25

When arterial outflow becomes greater than inflow, arterial pressure __________.

Back 25

decreases

Front 26

Eventually, after the arteriole outflow has remained at an increased level, arterial pressure __________.

Back 26

reaches a steady state

Front 27

T/F? If given the choice between traveling through a vessel with high resistance and one of low resistance, blood will travel through the vessel of most resistance.

Back 27

false

Front 28

T/F? After dilation of an arteriole, the arterial blood pressure returns to the level that it was before the dilation.

Back 28

false

Front 29

The sum of the ______ of the blood in the capillaries is equal to the __________ in the artery that feeds them.

Back 29

volume per minute, volume per minute

Front 30

Which of the following statements is not true concerning blood vessels? As vessel size decreases in cross section, pressure increases.As vessel size decreases in cross section, flow decreases.As vessel size decreases in cross section, friction increases.As vessel size decreases in cross section, volume increases.

Back 30

As vessel size decreases in cross section, volume increases.

Front 31

Blood flow is ________ to the cross section of the blood vessel.

Back 31

directly proportional

Front 32

T/F? The sum of the blood velocity of arterioles is equal to the blood velocity of the artery that feeds them.

Back 32

True

Front 33

T/F Arteries branch into narrower blood vessels called arterioles.

Back 33

True

Front 34

T/F Venule suction aids in venus return

Back 34

False

Front 35

What type of shock?Form of venous pooling shock that results from a sudden loss of vasomotor tone

Back 35

Neurogenic Shock

Front 36

What type of shock?Any state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body's metabolic needs

Back 36

Circulatory

Front 37

What type of shock?Results from exposure to an antigen to which a person is allergic

Back 37

Anaphylactic Shock

Front 38

What type of shock?Produced by a loss of blood volume as a result of hemorrhage, trauma, etc.

Back 38

Hypovolemic Shock

Front 39

What type of shock?Caused by inadequate pumping by the heart

Back 39

Cardiac

Front 40

What type of shock?Occurs when any object compresses a vein and impedes its blood flow

Back 40

Obstructed Venous Return

Front 41

What type of shock?Caused by inadequate pumping by the hear

Back 41

Cardiogenic

Front 42

What type of shock?Occurs when cardiac output is low because too little blood is returning to the heart

Back 42

Low Venous Return

Front 43

What type of shock?Occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Back 43

Septic

Front 44

CVA or TIV?Can be produced by atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or a ruptured aneurysm

Back 44

CVA

Front 45

CVA or TIV?Recovery depends on the ability of neighboring neurons to take over the lost functions

Back 45

CVA

Front 46

CVA or TIV?The sudden death (infarction) of brain tissue caused by ischemia

Back 46

CVA

Front 47

CVA or TIV?Effects range from unnoticeable to fatal

Back 47

CVA

Front 48

CVA or TIV?Brief episode of cerebral ischemi

Back 48

TIV

Front 49

CVA or TIV?May result from spasms of diseased cerebral arteries

Back 49

TIV

Front 50

CVA or TIV?Lasts from just a moment to a few hours

Back 50

TIV

Front 51

CVA or TIV?Temporary dizziness, loss of vision, weakness, paralysis, headache, or aphasia

Back 51

TIV

Front 52

T/F The cerebral arteries dilate when the systemic BP drops and constrict when it rises.

Back 52

true

Front 53

What is(are) the advantage(s) of there being a low blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit?

Back 53

Blood flows more slowly through the pulmonary capillaries and therefore has more time for gas exchange.It prevents fluid accumulation in the alveolar walls and lumens, which would compromise gas exchange.Oncotic pressure overrides hydrostatic pressure, so pulmonary capillaries are engaged almost entirely in absorption.

Front 54

Vessels that arise from the aorta:

Back 54

Left common carotid, renal, super mesenteric, Gonadal, Esophageal

Front 55

Order of blood as it's entering the systemic circuit after exiting the heart:

Back 55

AortaBrachiocephalic trunkRight common carotid arteryRight internal carotid arteryCerebral arterial circleCavernous sinus Right internal jugular veinRight brachiocephalic vein Superior vena cav

Front 56

Place the respiratory structures into the order that air would pass through them during a normal inspiration.

Back 56

Trachea Primary bronchus Secondary bronchus Tertiary bronchus BronchioleTerminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolar sac Alveolus

Front 57

What's the respiration variation?Labored, gasping breathing

Back 57

Dyspnea

Front 58

What's the respiration variation?Increased pulmonary ventilation

Back 58

Hyperventilation

Front 59

What's the respiration variation?Rapid breathing induced by acidosis

Back 59

Kussmaul Respiration

Front 60

What's the respiration variation?Temporary cessation of breathing

Back 60

Apnea

Front 61

What's the respiration variation?Dyspnea when lying down

Back 61

Orthopnea

Front 62

What's the respiration variation?Increased breathing in response to exercise

Back 62

Hyperpnea

Front 63

What's the respiration variation?Reduced pulmonary ventilation

Back 63

Hypoventilation

Front 64

What's the respiration variation?Accelerated respiration

Back 64

Tachyapnea

Front 65

Increase or Decrease Respiration?Stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs

Back 65

Decrease

Front 66

Increase or Decrease Respiration? Activation of irritant receptors in the airway

Back 66

Decrease

Front 67

Increase or Decrease Respiration?A decrease in pH of the CSF

Back 67

Increase

Front 68

Increase or Decrease Respiration?Stimulation of proprioceptors in skeletal muscles

Back 68

Increase

Front 69

Increase or Decrease Respiration? Stimulation of the dorsal respiratory group

Back 69

Increase

Front 70

Increase or Decrease Respiration?Stimulation of pain receptors

Back 70

Increase

Front 71

Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance? It is the primary means of controlling resistance.

Back 71

Diameter of Bronchiole

Front 72

Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance? It is constrained by cartilages in larger passageways.

Back 72

Diameter of Bronchiole

Front 73

Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance? Sympathetic stimulation increases this.

Back 73

Diameter of Bronchiole

Front 74

Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance? It is most affected during anaphylactic shock.

Back 74

Diameter of Bronchiole

Front 75

Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance? Histamine causes it to reduce airflow.

Back 75

Diameter of Bronchiole

Front 76

Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance?It affects the lung volume relative to a pressure change.

Back 76

Pulmonary Compliance

Front 77

Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance? It is affected by scar tissue, which stiffens the lungs.

Back 77

Pulmonary Compliance

Front 78

Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance? It is increased by the presence of surfactant

Back 78

Pulmonary Compliance

Front 79

Which Law?Despite a small partial pressure gradient from the respiring tissues to the blood, we know that carbon dioxide is capable of rapid diffusion due to its high solubility.

Back 79

Henry's

Front 80

Which Law?Knowing that the total pressure of three gases (A, B, and C) is equal to 10 mm Hg, we can calculate the partial pressure of C provided we know that PA=6 mm Hg, and PB= 1 mm Hg

Back 80

Dalton's Law

Front 81

Which Law?We know that a known volume of air entering the lungs increases when its temperature is increased by the respiratory mucosae.

Back 81

Charles Law

Front 82

Which Law?We know that the volume of intrapulmonary gas is lower following expiration due to the increased pressure of the thoracic cavity

Back 82

Boyle's Law

Front 83

Hyper or Hypoventilation?Increasing blood pH

Back 83

Hyper

Front 84

Hyper or Hypoventilation? Stimulation of the dorsal respiratory group

Back 84

Hyper

Front 85

Hyper or Hypoventilation?Increasing blood Po₂

Back 85

Hyper

Front 86

Hyper or Hypoventilation?Haldane effect & Bohr effect

Back 86

Hypo

Front 87

Hyper or Hypoventilation?Increasing carbaminohemoglobin levels

Back 87

Hypo

Front 88

Hyper or Hypoventilation?Decreasing blood pH

Back 88

Hypo

Front 89

Hyper or Hypoventilation?Increase blood PCO2

Back 89

Hypo

Front 90

Decreased or Increased Airflow? Decreased levels of surfactant

Back 90

Decreased

Front 91

Decreased or Increased Airflow? Scar tissue from tuberculosis

Back 91

Decreased

Front 92

Decreased or Increased Airflow? An anaphylactic reaction caused by bee sting

Back 92

Decreased

Front 93

Decreased or Increased Airflow? Aerobic exercise which improves pulmonary compliance

Back 93

Increased

Front 94

Decreased or Increased Airflow? Bronchodilation caused by using an inhaler to treat asthma

Back 94

Increased

Front 95

Decreased or Increased Airflow? Breathing sub­zero air

Back 95

Decreased

Front 96

The ____A_______ is the primary generator of the respiratory rhythm. The ___B____ issues output to the VRG that modifies the respiratory rhythm to adapt to varying conditions. The _____C________ receives input from higher brain centers and issues output to both the DRG and VRG.Monitoring CO₂ levels by detecting pH of the CSF is the function of ___D___.Metabolic acidosis would stimulate the __E____ leading to an increase in their rate of respiration.

Back 96

A) ventral respiratory group, B) dorsal respiratory group, C) pontine respiratory group,D) central chemoreceptors , E) peripheral chemoreceptors

Front 97

During inspiration, the pressure in the alveoli is ______ than the atmospheric pressure.

Back 97

less

Front 98

When the diaphragm muscle contracts, the pressure in the alveoli will _______.

Back 98

decrease

Front 99

As the intercostal muscles relax and the thoracic cavity becomes smaller, the pressure in the alveoli As the intercostal muscles relax and the thoracic cavity becomes smaller, the pressure in the alveoli _____.

Back 99

increases

Front 100

The ________ is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.

Back 100

residual volume

Front 101

The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the _______.

Back 101

tidal volume

Front 102

After a normal inspiration, the amount of air that can then be inspired forcefully is called the ________

Back 102

inspiratory reserve volume.

Front 103

If you subtract the residual volume from the total lung capacity, you get the_______

Back 103

vital capacity.

Front 104

The vital capacity minus the _________ equals the inspiratory capacity.

Back 104

expiratory reserve volume

Front 105

The effects of obstructive diseases such as asthma or emphysema may be determined by measuring the f_____

Back 105

forced expiratory volume.

Front 106

Increase or decrease in oxyhemoglobin levels?Temp increase?

Back 106

Decreases

Front 107

Increase or decrease in oxyhemoglobin levels?Decreased PH

Back 107

Decreases

Front 108

Increase or decrease in oxyhemoglobin levels?Heavy Excerise?

Back 108

Decreases

Front 109

Increase or decrease in oxyhemoglobin levels?Decreased PCO2

Back 109

Increases

Front 110

Increase or decrease in oxyhemoglobin levels?Increased PO2

Back 110

Increases

Front 111

Decrease or increase respiratory rhythm?Blood levels of hydrogen ions decrease

Back 111

Decrease

Front 112

Decrease or increase respiratory rhythm?Blood pH increases

Back 112

Decrease

Front 113

Decrease or increase respiratory rhythm?Blood pH decreases

Back 113

Increase

Front 114

Decrease or increase respiratory rhythm? Levels of CO₂ in the blood increase

Back 114

Increase

Front 115

Decrease or increase respiratory rhythm? Arterial Po₂ drops below 60 mm Hg

Back 115

Increase

Front 116

Decrease or increase respiratory rhythm? Blood levels of hydrogen ions increase

Back 116

Increase

Front 117

Emphysema is COPD that may lead to?

Back 117

Alveolar wall breakdownReduced respiratory membrane surface area and gas exchangeHypoxemia, hypercapnia, and respiratory acidosisPolycythemiaCor pulmonale

Front 118

Which Hypoxia?A state of low arterial Po₂due to poor pulmonary gas exchange

Back 118

Hypoxemic Hypoxia

Front 119

Which Hypoxia?Due to the inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen

Back 119

Anemic Hypoxia

Front 120

Which Hypoxia?Occurs when a poison prevents the tissues from using oxygen

Back 120

Histotoxic Hypoxia

Front 121

Which Hypoxia?Results from inadequate circulation of the blood

Back 121

Ischemic Hypoxia

Front 122

Of the three forms of lung cancer, the most common is sOf the three forms of lung cancer, the most common is squamous-cell carcinoma. ____. In this type,____ develop bleeding lesions as the dividing epithelial invade the bronchiole wall.

Back 122

squamous-cell carcinoma, bronchi

Front 123

Adenocarcinoma, originates in the ____ glands of the lamina propria.

Back 123

mucous

Front 124

The least common but most dangerous is ______, which easily and quickly metastasizes to other organs.

Back 124

small-cell carcinoma

Front 125

High altitude training and mountain climbing would be examples where the body encounters _______ as a result of lower than normal partial pressures of oxygen.

Back 125

hypoxemic hypoxia

Front 126

Conditions where circulation is compromised resulting in poor blood flow, as is seen with heart disease, would be an example of ________.

Back 126

ischemic hypoxia

Front 127

Caused by a reduced number of red blood cells, ______ is characterized by insufficient oxygen in the blood.

Back 127

anemic hypoxia

Front 128

Oftentimes, poisons might interfere with the body's ability to utilize or transport oxygen, thus causing ____.

Back 128

histotoxic hypoxia

Front 129

Regardless of the type of hypoxia, ______, or bluing of the skin, is a primary sign of oxygen deficient tissues.

Back 129

cyanosis

Front 130

__________ is used to sustain metabolic activities within the cells, and ___________ is produced as a result of these activities.

Back 130

O2, CO2

Front 131

Under normal conditions, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the tissues is __________ than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the systemic capillaries.

Back 131

higher

Front 132

The unloading of oxygen at the tissues results in the formation of __________ . This configuration of hemoglobin __________ carbon dioxide.

Back 132

deoxyhemoglobin, more readily binds to

Front 133

Under normal conditions, the region expected to have the lowest PCO2 is the ___________________

Back 133

atmosphere

Front 134

If the atmospheric Pressure(CO2) exceeded the alveolar Pressure(CO2) the pulmonary capillary Pressure(CO2) would ________________________

Back 134

increase well above normal range

Front 135

A person suffering from hypercapnia compensates by ____________________ ventilation.

Back 135

increasing

Front 136

Respiratory gases cross the respiratory membrane by ___________________

Back 136

simple diffusion

Front 137

Which environment separated by the respiratory membrane would display the highest oxygen partial pressure?

Back 137

Alveolar Air

Front 138

Surfactant is produced by __________________

Back 138

Type II pnuemonocytes

Front 139

Increased production of surfactant would __________________

Back 139

result in an increase in the thickness of the respiratory membrane which would decrease diffusion of respiratory gases

Front 140

Insufficient surfactant production would result in __________________

Back 140

possible lung collapse

Front 141

Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____________________ capillaries. Here, some of the carbon dioxide binds to the _____________ region of hemoglobin.

Back 141

Systemic, globin

Front 142

The empirical formula for bicarbonate is ________________.

Back 142

HCO3-

Front 143

Carbon dioxide goes through a series of reactions resulting in the formation of bicarbonate. Where does this reaction occur?

Back 143

systemic capillaries

Front 144

Carbonic anhydrase is found in the _______________ where it directly catalyzes the formation of ____________________

Back 144

red blood cells, CO2 gas into carbonic acid

Front 145

Blood pH decreases in response to ________________________

Back 145

the disassociation of carbonic acid into bicarbonate and H+ ions

Front 146

Renal retention of bicarbonate _______________ blood pH acting as a compensatory mechanism for the condition of respiratory ____________________________

Back 146

increases, acidosis

Front 147

Hypoventilation results in a(n) _________________ in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, which may result in respiratory ___________________________

Back 147

increase, acidosis

Front 148

Oxygen unloading occurs at the __________.This process causes a(n) __________ in the oxygen partial pressure of the blood leaving this region.

Back 148

tissue, decrease

Front 149

Decreased Pressure(CO2) results in an increase in blood pH levels. Both of these conditions result in a shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the ______________________. This shift _______________ hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen.

Back 149

left, increases

Front 150

Under normal conditions, the alveolar oxygen partial pressure is ______________________ than the atmospheric oxygen partial pressure.

Back 150

always lower

Front 151

Oxygen molecules bind ___________________ of the hemoglobin.

Back 151

specifically to the heme reigon

Front 152

A single hemoglobin displaying a saturation level of 75% would be bound to ___________________________

Back 152

Three O2 molecule

Front 153

he binding of CO to hemoglobin causes the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to ___________________

Back 153

shift to the left indicating that carboxyhemoglobin is less likely to release bound O2

Front 154

Acute carbon monoxide poisoning would result in ____________________ of the tissues because oxygen ____________________

Back 154

Hypoxia, is not released from hemoglobin in sufficient amounts at the tissues.

Front 155

If intrapulmonary pressure was 760 mm Hg, what would you expect the intrapleural pressure to be?

Back 155

756mm Hg

Front 156

Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles results in ____________ in the thoracic volume which results in _______________ of the intrapulmonary pressure.

Back 156

an increase, a decrease

Front 157

Negative pressure ventilation, demonstrated by iron lungs, allows a person to breathe by producing an intermittent negative pressure that moves across the chest and diaphragm. This specific action would artificially induce the intrapulmonary pressure to _____________ atmospheric pressure thus resulting in ______________

Back 157

drop below, inspiration

Front 158

When this negative pressure stops being applied, the lungs __________________and the intrapulmonary pressure __________________

Back 158

recoil, increase

Front 159

When using positive pressure ventilators, what triggers the elastic recoil of the lung, and what does this action cause?

Back 159

airway pressure reaching zero, expiration

Front 160

What is the target tissue to hormone action: Parathyroidhormone stimulates this tissue to release CALCIUM

Back 160

Bone Tissue

Front 161

What is the target tissue to hormone action: Insulinstimulates this tissue to convert glucose to triglycerides

Back 161

Adipose Tissue

Front 162

What is the target tissue to hormone action: Growth hormone stimulates this tissue to hypertrophy in response to mechanical trauma

Back 162

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Front 163

What is the target tissue to hormone action: Follicle-stimulatinghormone stimulates the production of sperm in this tissue

Back 163

Seminiferoustubules

Front 164

What is the target tissue to hormone action: Growth hormone stimulates chondroblasts and hyperplasia in this tissue and ossification of matrix

Back 164

Hyaline Cartilage

Front 165

What is the target tissue to hormone action: Erythropoietinstimulates increased production of this tissue

Back 165

Blood Tissue

Front 166

What is the target tissue to hormone action: Epinephrinestimulates the beta receptors of this tissue producing cAMP production andcalcium permeability

Back 166

Cardiac Tissue

Front 167

What is the target tissue to hormone action: Epinephrinebinds to muscarinic receptors in this tissue to cause increased secretion ofsweat:

Back 167

Merocrine sweat glands

Front 168

What is the target tissue to hormone action: Hyperglycemiastimulates these cells to secrete insulin

Back 168

Pancreatic islets

Front 169

Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops.Most often, this is in the form of __________.

Back 169

Negative Feedback inhibition

Front 170

Hypertrophy and atrophy of the__________ is regulated in large part by the amount of circulating testosterone and growth hormone.

Back 170

muscular system

Front 171

The nuclei of the hypothalamus, as part of the _________, are critical to the overall development, maintenance, andfunctioning of the body's tissues.

Back 171

nervous system

Front 172

Blood, a component of the ___________, acts as the medium of hormone transportation throughout thebody.

Back 172

circulatory system

Front 173

During times of acute stress, epinephrine and norepinephrine will directly increase the pulmonary airlflow of the __________ in order to ensure adequate metabolic support of tissues.

Back 173

respiratory system

Front 174

Regulation of water excretion and electrolyteconcentrations associated with the __________are controlled by the endocrine system.

Back 174

urinary system

Front 175

The ____ is influenced by enteric hormones, which regulategastrointestinal secretion and motility.

Back 175

digestive system

Front 176

Gonadotropins directly regulate the activityof the ______ by controlling the levels of circulating androgens andestrogens.

Back 176

reproductive system

Front 177

Calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, andcalcitonin are just three of the many hormones that influence the regulation ofthe ______.

Back 177

skeletal system

Front 178

After eating a meal, blood sugar levels ...

Back 178

increase

Front 179

Insulin (released after a meal) by a person who does nothave diabetes causes blood sugar levels....

Back 179

return to normal

Front 180

TypeI Diabetes

Back 180

NO INSULIN IS PRODUCED/RELEASED- Treated with Insulin

Front 181

TypeII Diabetes

Back 181

SIGNALRECEPTORS ON CELLS ARE NOT RECEIVING THE SIGNALS FOR INSULIN/ NO RESPONSE- treatedwith Metformin

Front 182

Secretion Site for TRH

Back 182

Hypothalamus

Front 183

Secretion Site for CRH

Back 183

Hypothalamus

Front 184

Secretion Site for GnRH

Back 184

Hypothalamus

Front 185

Secretion Site for Somatostation

Back 185

Hypothalamus

Front 186

Secretion Site for GH

Back 186

Anterior Lobe

Front 187

Secretion Site for FSH

Back 187

Anterior Lobe

Front 188

Secretion Site for TSH

Back 188

Anterior Lobe

Front 189

Secretion Site for ACTH

Back 189

Anterior Lobe

Front 190

Secretion Site for OT

Back 190

Posterior Lobe

Front 191

Secretion Site for ADH

Back 191

posterior Lobe

Front 192

The role of insulin is...

Back 192

allows cells to take in glucose

Front 193

Identify the ways in which the anterior pituitarydiffers from the posterior pituitary

Back 193

The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis. The anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system. Cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that pass down the hypothalamo- hypophyseal tract and are stored in the posterior pituitary.

Front 194

Which of the following is/are a mechanism(s) and/or action of growth hormone and insulin like growth factors?

Back 194

GH also enhances amino acid transport into cells; and to ensure that protein synthesis outpaces breakdown, it suppresses protein catabolism. To provide energy for growing tissues, GH stimulates adipocytes to catabolize fat and release fatty acids and glycerol into the blood. GH promotes Na+, K+, and Cl- retention by the kidneys, enhances Ca2+ absorption, and makes these electrolytes available to the growing tissues.

Front 195

Dehydration is detected by osmoreceptors in the__________.

Back 195

hypothalamus

Front 196

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the__________.

Back 196

Posterior Pituitary

Front 197

What is the function of ADH?

Back 197

Decrease urine volume output and cause blood vesselconstriction

Front 198

T/F ADH helps to conserve water during dehydration.

Back 198

TRUE

Front 199

T/F ADH travels to its target cells via the bloodstream.

Back 199

TRUE

Front 200

List Adrenal Disorders:

Back 200

Cushings, Disrupts metabolism in hyperglycemia, hypertension and edema

Front 201

List pituitary disorders:

Back 201

Acromegaly, GH related dwarfisim, Thickening bones of soft tissues

Front 202

List Thyroid disorders:

Back 202

Myxedema, Results from dietary iodine deficiency, Endemic goiter

Front 203

T/F Epinephrine causes the liver to uptake glucose fromthe bloodstream during the fight-or-flight response.

Back 203

FALSE

Front 204

T/F The conversion of ATP into cAMP is catalyzed by theenzyme adenylyl cyclase.

Back 204

TRUE

Front 205

The hypothalamus controls the posterior pituitary by way of __________.

Back 205

neuroendocrine reflexes

Front 206

Which reaction: Norepinephrine and otherhormones raise heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels. The body is preparing toprotect itself from a possible threat.

Back 206

ALARM

Front 207

Which reaction: Corticosteroids arereleased so protein and fats can be utilized for energy production.CorticosteroidsThe consequence of thisstage could be a decrease in immune function.The

Back 207

Stage of resistance

Front 208

Which reaction? Atrophy of muscle tissuetakes place as the body continues to utilize protein for energy. Hypertension and organfailure during this stage can lead to death.

Back 208

Stage of exhaustion

Front 209

Which hormone? stimulating the cortex of the adrenal gland

Back 209

ACTH

Front 210

Which hormone? producing the conversionof follicle into corpus luteum

Back 210

LH

Front 211

Which hormone? causing release of ACTH

Back 211

CRH

Front 212

Which hormone? Effect on gameteproduction

Back 212

FSH(I remember this one with F(i)SH and GAMEte

Front 213

Which hormone? means against urine

Back 213

ADH

Front 214

Which hormone? means near thyroid

Back 214

PTH

Front 215

Which hormone? affects release of hormone for gonads

Back 215

GnRH

Front 216

Which hormone? means directly affects thyroid

Back 216

TSH

Front 217

Which hormone? Named for iodine molecules

Back 217

T3

Front 218

Which hormone? means promoting milk production

Back 218

PRL

Front 219

Thymus and/or Thyroid, Pancreas and/or Adrenals or Gonads? Includes the principal glands of metabolic control

Back 219

Thymus and/or Thyroid

Front 220

Thymus and/or Thyroid, Pancreas and/or Adrenals or Gonads? Includes hormones critically involved with bloodcalcium homeostasis

Back 220

Thymus and/or Thyroid

Front 221

Thymus and/or Thyroid, Pancreas and/or Adrenals or Gonads? Includes a gland responsible for immune maturation

Back 221

Thymus and/or Thyroid

Front 222

Thymus and/or Thyroid, Pancreas and/or Adrenals or Gonads? Glands that produce hormones of sympathetically dominant states dominant

Back 222

Pancreas and/or Adrenals

Front 223

Thymus and/or Thyroid, Pancreas and/or Adrenals or Gonads? Glands that produce hormones of blood glucose regulation glucose

Back 223

Pancreas and/or Adrenals

Front 224

Thymus and/or Thyroid, Pancreas and/or Adrenals or Gonads? Includes glands associated with both acute and chronic stress

Back 224

Pancreas and/or Adrenals

Front 225

Thymus and/or Thyroid, Pancreas and/or Adrenals or Gonads? Production sites for hormones involved with hydration status

Back 225

Pancreas and/or Adrenals

Front 226

Thymus and/or Thyroid, Pancreas and/or Adrenals or Gonads? Production sites for hormones involved with blood pressure regulation pressure

Back 226

Pancreas and/or Adrenals

Front 227

Thymus and/or Thyroid, Pancreas and/or Adrenals or Gonads? Glands involved with the production of thereproductive hormones

Back 227

Gonads

Front 228

When blood glucose is high, beta cells of the ____ secrete ____.

Back 228

pancreas, insulin

Front 229

Uptake of glucose by the liver, muscles, and fat cells ______. As a result, blood glucose levels____.

Back 229

increases, decrease

Front 230

When blood glucose levels are too low, alpha cells of thepancreas secrete _______. As a result, the________ releases glucose into the blood.

Back 230

glucagon, liver

Front 231

Hyper OR Hypo secretion? Epinephrine persistently high bp Growth horome during adulthoos: acromegaly

Back 231

HYPER

Front 232

Hyper OR Hypo secretion? Parathyroid hormone persistently elevated blood calcium

Back 232

HYPER

Front 233

Hyper OR Hypo secretion? Estrogen- in men development of boobs

Back 233

HYPER

Front 234

Hyper OR Hypo secretion? Folicle stimulating hormone increased number of mature ova produced

Back 234

HYPER

Front 235

Hyper OR Hypo secretion? Insulin persistently elevated blood glucose

Back 235

HYPO

Front 236

Hyper OR Hypo secretion? Growth hormone during adolescence- dwarf

Back 236

HYPO

Front 237

Hyper OR Hypo secretion? Insulin persistently elevated blood glucose

Back 237

HYPO

Front 238

The endocrine system is comprised of __________ thatsecrete hormones.

Back 238

tissues, cells and glands (all)

Front 239

Functions of what hormone? promotes tissuegrowth-targets many organs- promotes tissuerepair and maintenance throughout life.

Back 239

GH

Front 240

Which stage? Immune System Suppression

Back 240

Reisistance

Front 241

Which Stage? Sodium Retention,Increased BP due to increased blood volume, Liver glycogenolysis

Back 241

Alarm Reaction

Front 242

Glucocorticoids are _____ hormones secreted by ________ glands.

Back 242

STEROID, ENDOCRINE

Front 243

T/F Glucocorticoid response elements function as enhancers

Back 243

True

Front 244

T/F Theglucocorticoid receptor is active as a dimer.

Back 244

TRUE

Front 245

The hypothalamus secretes_____(#) hormones, _____(#) to regulate the anterior pituitary and _____(#) that are stored in theposterior pituitary.

Back 245

, eight, six, two

Front 246

Endocrine or Exocrine?Sebum

Back 246

Exo

Front 247

Endocrine or Exocrine?Mucos

Back 247

Exo

Front 248

Endocrine or Exocrine?Bile

Back 248

Exo

Front 249

Endocrine or Exocrine?HCI

Back 249

Exo

Front 250

Viscosity and osmolarity will both increase if the amount of ____________ in the blood increases.

Back 250

erythrocytes and protein

Front 251

statement(s) regarding the composition of plasma.

Back 251

Water represents 92% by weight. Albumin is 60% of the total protein portion. The most abundant nitrogenous waste is urea.

Front 252

Viscosity or Osmolarity?Resistance of a fluid to flow.

Back 252

Viscosity

Front 253

Viscosity or Osmolarity?Results fro the cohesion of a fluid's particles.

Back 253

Viscosity

Front 254

Viscosity or Osmolarity?Thickness or Stickiness of a fluid

Back 254

Viscosity

Front 255

Viscosity or Osmolarity?Too high, and blood flows sluggishly.

Back 255

Viscosity

Front 256

Viscosity or Osmolarity?Reabsorption between b/w the blood stream and tissue fluid is governed by it.

Back 256

Osmolarity

Front 257

Viscosity or Osmolarity?Transfer of fluids is a balance between filtration from the capillary and reabsorption.

Back 257

Osmolarity

Front 258

Viscosity or Osmolarity?If it is too high the blood stream absorbs too much water, raising BP.

Back 258

Osmolarity

Front 259

Hypoxemia is inadequate oxygen ____ and can be detected by the kidneys and liver.

Back 259

transport

Front 260

When detected, e_____ is produced and secreted.

Back 260

erythropoietin

Front 261

EPO will stimulate the red bone marrow to ____ RBCs.

Back 261

produce

Front 262

This will result in an increase of _____ transport throughout the body.

Back 262

oxygen

Front 263

Thus the correction of hypoxemia is controlled by a ____ feedback loop.

Back 263

negative

Front 264

In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the globin chains __________.

Back 264

are broken down by macrophages into amino acids

Front 265

In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the iron __________.

Back 265

is transported by transferrin to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow

Front 266

What is the correct sequence in the breakdown of the non-iron portion of the heme?

Back 266

Heme, biliverdin, bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, bilirubin derivatives, feces and urine

Front 267

T/F?Iron is transported in the blood by transferrin.

Back 267

True

Front 268

T/F? Free bilirubin is transported by the blood to the liver.

Back 268

True

Front 269

What happens when hemoglobin molecules become saturated with oxygen molecules?

Back 269

The oxygen molecules on both sides of the oxygen-permeable membrane reach equilibrium.

Front 270

How many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin molecule transport?

Back 270

4

Front 271

What happens when the water on one side of the semipermeable membrane contains hemoglobin molecules and the water on the other side does not?

Back 271

The PO2 will eventually equalize after the hemoglobin molecules become saturated with oxygen.

Front 272

T/F? Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit are interchangeable terms used to describe the percentage of whole blood composed of RBCs.

Back 272

False

Front 273

What characteristics of a red blood cell increases its ability to carry oxygen to the tissues?

Back 273

Lacking mitochondria, RBCs rely exclusively on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP.The cytoplasm of an RBC consists mainly of a 33% solution of hemoglobin.RBCs lose nearly all organelles during their development. Lacking a nucleus and DNA, RBCs also are incapable of protein synthesis and mitosis.

Front 274

The structure of hemoglobin consists of ____ chains. Two of the chains are a___ and two are ____proteins. Each of the protein chains are conjugated to a nonprotein _____ group.This group contains an _____ ion in the center.This center portion will reversibly bind oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Back 274

four , alpha/beta, heme, iron

Front 275

increase, decrease, or not be affected?Erythrocytes in High Alttitude

Back 275

Increase

Front 276

increase, decrease, or not be affected Erythrocytes w/ long term hypoxia

Back 276

Increase

Front 277

increase, decrease, or not be affectedB lymphocytes and influenza infection

Back 277

increase

Front 278

increase, decrease, or not be affectedBasophils and chronic asthma

Back 278

Increase

Front 279

increase, decrease, or not be affectedEosinophils and tape worms

Back 279

Increase

Front 280

increase, decrease, or not be affected Erythrocytes and acute viral infection

Back 280

No Change

Front 281

increase, decrease, or not be affected Erythrocytes and dietary iron deficiency

Back 281

Decrease

Front 282

increase, decrease, or not be affectedErythrocytes and eyrthropoietin hypersecretion

Back 282

Decrease

Front 283

increase, decrease, or not be affectedErythrocytes and declining intrinsic factor

Back 283

Decrease

Front 284

increase, decrease, or not be affectedErythrocytes and acute hemorrhage

Back 284

Decrease

Front 285

T/F In addition to the ABO and Rh groups, there are at least 100 other known blood groups, but they rarely cause transfusion reactions.

Back 285

TRUE

Front 286

Describe hemolytic disease of the newborn:

Back 286

Rh- woman carries an Rh+ fetus.First pregnancy is uneventful due to placental protection Placental tearing exposes the mother to Rh+ fetal blood and she begins to produce anti-D antibodies.Additional pregnancies with an Rh+ fetus, her anti-D antibodies may pass through the placenta and agglutinate the fetal erythrocytes.Causes anemia in newborn.

Front 287

Least Common Blood Type?

Back 287

AB+

Front 288

Each blood cell antigen will have a different ________ on the surface of the RBC.

Back 288

carbohydrate complex

Front 289

_____ spend only a few hours in the bloodstream, then migrate through the walls of the capillaries.

Back 289

Leukocytes

Front 290

Stage of development for WBC?

Back 290

1.Mature cells2.Hemopoietic stem cell3.Colony-forming units4.Precursor cells

Front 291

After tissue repair is completed, factor XII catalyzes the formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein, that in turn converts an inactive plasminogen into _________, a fibrin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot.

Back 291

plasmin

Front 292

In healthy blood vessels, platelets do not adhere because the smooth endothelium is coated with ______________.

Back 292

prostacyclin

Front 293

What is NOT a function of platelets?

Back 293

They inhibit procoagulants.

Front 294

What DOES NOT describe hemophilia?

Back 294

Males can inherit from either their mother or father. (Occurs predominantly in males, can inherit from mother.)

Front 295

There are ______ hemostatic mechanisms.

Back 295

Three

Front 296

IN the hemostatic mechanism, first _____ spasm constricts the broken blood vessel, reducing hemorrhage.

Back 296

vascular

Front 297

Platelet plugs form as a large mass of platelets ______ and undergo degranulation.

Back 297

aggregate

Front 298

IN the hemostatic mechanism, Degranulation promotes _____.

Back 298

hemostasis

Front 299

IN the hemostatic mechanism , ______finishes the process by clotting the blood and protecting the body from excess blood loss.

Back 299

coagulation

Front 300

Repulsion, Anticoagulants or Dilution?It occurs when blood vessels are undamaged.Prostacyclin coats the vessel walls.

Back 300

Repulsion

Front 301

Repulsion, Anticoagulants or Dilution?Normal rates of blood flow account for it.Circulatory shock interferes with it.

Back 301

Dilution

Front 302

Repulsion, Anticoagulants or Dilution? Antithrombin deactivates thrombin before it can act on fibrinogen.Heparin interferes with the formation of prothrombin activator.Heparin blocks the action of thrombin on fibrinogen.Heparin promotes the action of antithrombin.

Back 302

Anticoagulants

Front 303

ACTH

Back 303

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Front 304

ADH

Back 304

Antidiuretic Hormone

Front 305

CRH

Back 305

Corticotropin RELEASING hormone

Front 306

FSH

Back 306

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Front 307

GH

Back 307

Growth Hormone

Front 308

GHRH

Back 308

Growth Hormone RELEASING Hormone

Front 309

GnRH

Back 309

Goandotropin RELEASING Hormone

Front 310

LH

Back 310

Luteinizing Hormone

Front 311

OT

Back 311

Oxytocin

Front 312

PIH

Back 312

Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone

Front 313

PRL

Back 313

Prolactin

Front 314

PTH

Back 314

Parathyroid Hormone

Front 315

TH

Back 315

Thyroid Hormone (T3, T4 collectively)

Front 316

TRH

Back 316

Thyrotropin RELEASING Hormone

Front 317

TSH

Back 317

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Front 318

metarteriole

Back 318

sphincters

Front 319

vaso reflexes

Back 319

general raising and lowering of BP

Front 320

arterioles

Back 320

most blood during excercise

Front 321

baro-receptors

Back 321

cartoid sinuses (barameter)

Front 322

baro receptors = what nerve

Back 322

glasso

Front 323

action potentioal brain to heart nerves

Back 323

vagus

Front 324

body to organs blood flow

Back 324

inverse

Front 325

vaso restriction and blood flow/bpincrease/decrease?

Back 325

increase

Front 326

cardiac muscle membrane potential increases when

Back 326

sodium

Front 327

cardiac muscle membrane potential decreases when

Back 327

potassium (calcium)

Front 328

Blood vessel true statements

Back 328

sum of volume per minute

Front 329

Cross section blood vessels

Back 329

decreases

Front 330

cardiac membrane membrane decreases rapidly

Back 330

potassium

Front 331

the SA node peaks when

Back 331

calcium

Front 332

SA repolarization

Back 332

potassium

Front 333

SA maintain continual

Back 333

Potassium

Front 334

He believes borrowed crybabies better FU

Back 334

Heme, Bilivirdin, Bilirubin, Conjugated,

Front 335

ventricular contraction =

Back 335

atrial close semilunar

Front 336

psi ventricles...

Back 336

lower, atria opens

Front 337

cardiac excitation=

Back 337

calcium/ T Tubules

Front 338

open intrinsic and sarco

Back 338

CA+CA

Front 339

increased CA in cytosol

Back 339

sarcomeres

Front 340

order of SA action potential

Back 340

SA, AV node, AV bundle, Branches, Purj

Front 341

AV node=

Back 341

slows down

Front 342

aortic psi up

Back 342

vent eject

Front 343

atria relaxed

Back 343

vent filling

Front 344

cardiac formula

Back 344

HR x SV

Front 345

Hear Nervous System

Back 345

Para Symp