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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Samuel Johnson
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English essayist, critic, and dictionary author who published as books collections of essays that had first appeared in newspapers or journals
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print culture
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a culture in which books, journals, newspapers, and pamphlets had achieved a status of their own
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Isaac Newton
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-major intellectual forerunner of the Enlightenment
-formed law of universal gravitation, exemplifying the power of the human mind and showing that nature is rational -encouraged Europeans to avoid metaphysics and super naturalism, emphasized concreteness |
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John Locke
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-major intellectual forerunner of the Enlightenment
-believed humans enter world as tabula rasa (blank page) that is molded based on external world -believed human condition could be improved -rejected that humans are permanantly flawed by sin |
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Voltaire
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-most influential of the philosophes
-arrested by French in 1720s, briefly imprisoned -moved to England and enjoyed tolerant culture while writing -wrote Letters on the English and Elements of the Philosophy of Newton -wrote many satires about evils of French and European life -Candide is most famous satire -believed human condition could be improved, very optimistic despite sarcastic attitude |
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Letters on the English
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book by Voltaire, praised the virtues of the English and indirectly criticized the abuses of French society
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Elements of the Philosophy of Newton
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book by Voltaire, popularized the thoughts of Isaac Newton
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Candide
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satirical work by Voltaire; attacks war, religious persecution, and society's acceptance of current human condition
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The Spectator
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publication by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele which fostered the value of polite conversation and the reading of books
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Richard Steele
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co-author of The Spectator
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Joseph Addison
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co-author of The Spectator
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Alexander Pope
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popular Enlightenment author who became notably wealthy simply off of writing
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High literary culture
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popular/successful Enlightenment authors who were accepted by the audiences of the upper classes (monarchs, nobles, wealthy)
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Low literary culture
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less successful authors who only lived marginally and generally wrote for newspapers/journals
-tended to have more radical ideas due to lack of success and were generally well-liked by the lower economic classes |
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public opinion
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social force created by the collective effect on political and social life of views circulated in print and discussed in the home, the workplace, and centers of leisure
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Encyclopedia
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massive collection of knowledge and ideas regarding 18th century social and economic life with contributions from over 100 authors. Led by Denis Diderot and Rond D'Alembert
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Denis Diderot
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one of the two main leaders of the effort to assemble the Encyclopedia
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Rond d'Alembert
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one of the two main leaders of the effort to assemble the Encyclopedia
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William Robertson
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enlightened Scottish historian, head of the Scottish Kirk (language for church)
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Christianity not Mysterious
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one of the earliest deist works, written by John Toland
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John Toland
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author of one of the earliest deist works, Christianity not Mysterious
-promoted religion as rational and natural rather than mystical and super natural |
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Point Newton and deists disagreed on
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Newton was a self-proclaimed Christian and believed that God had the ability to interfere with the natural order
-Deists believed in God as the "divine watchmaker" who created the world, set it and motion, and then departed |
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Jean Calas
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Huguenot who allegedly murdered his son to prevent him from converting to Roman Catholicism. Authorities tortured him viciously but he never confessed. Voltaire learned of the case after Calas's death and, after publishing his Treatise on Tolerance, managed to get the judicial decision reversed.
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Gotthold Lessing
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-German playwright and critic
-wrote Nathan the Wise as a plea for toleration for all religious faiths |
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Nathan the Wise
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-play by Gotthold Lessing which champions religious toleration for all faiths
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Treatise on Toleration
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work by Voltaire published following the execution of Jean Calas
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Philosophical Dictionary
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satirical work by Voltaire that pointed out inconsistencies in biblical narratives and immoral acts of the biblical heroes
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David Hume
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Scottish philosopher who spoke out about the unlikely hood of the existence of divine miracles in "Of Miracles," a chapter in his Inquiry of the Human Nature
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Inquiry of the Human Nature
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work by Scottish philosopher David Hume
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The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
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work of English historian Edward Gibbon in which he detailed the rise of Christianity in terms of secular and natural causes rather than as an occurrence influenced by miracles
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Edward Gibbon
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-English historian, writer of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
-believed that Islam should be respected due to Muhammad's leadership and its ability to conquer such a vast territory in the first century of its existance |
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Baron d'Holbach
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One of two philosophes who embraced positions very near to atheism and materialism
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Julien Offray de La Mettrie
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One of two philosophes who embraced positions very near to atheism and materialism
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Baruch Spionza
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-Dutch/Jewish writer
-set forth example for secularized version of Judaism -believed in power of human reason -wanted to reform/improve traditional beliefs -excommunicated after publication of Ethics, which linked spiritual and secular worlds -championed rationality against superstition -enabled Enlightenment to pursue religious toleration while also criticizing Jewish practices |
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Moses Mendelsohn
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-German/Jewish writer
-establish main outlines of an assimilationist position -believed that traditional Jewish practices should still be honored while assimilating -advocated toleration of the Jewish community by the rest of Europe -advocated Jewish toleration towards different outlooks within its own community; against excommunication due to such outlooks |
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Ethics
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-most famous of Spionzola's works
-linked spiritual and material worlds very closely (controversial) -resulted in accusations of atheism, ultimately resulted in Spionzola's excommunication |
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Theologico-Political Treatise
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-work of Jewish writer Spionza
-describes history of religion in very secular terms -states that Hebrew Bible was not revealed specially, but still contained divine legislation -encourages the reading of the Bible like any other ancient book -argues that formally organized religion of the day led people away from original doctine |
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Jerusalem; or, On Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism
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-most influential work by Mendelsohn in which he advocates both religious toleration by all of Europe towards Jews and by Judaism towards its own practitioners
-also advocates loyalty by Judaism to original practices and traditions |
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Difference between Mendelhosen and Locke
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Mendelhosen believed that religions should not excommunicate people just because they have different outlooks but practice the same religion
-Lock believed that each religion should be tolerated by the outside community, but that religions should maintain uniformity and practice excommunication |
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Pensees
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work by Pascal in which Islam is portrayed as a false religion and Muhammad as a false profit (he did not perform miracles)
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Fanaticism, or Muhammad the Prophet
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work of Voltaire that categorized Islam as just as irrational as most other religions criticized by Enlightenment writers
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John Toland
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deist who opposed prejudice against both Jews and Muslims because Islam derived from early Christian writings and, thus, was another form of Christianity
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The Persian Letters
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work by young Montesquieu, told from the perspective of two Muslim Persians visiting Europe, which uses the Muslim culture as a tool to criticize European society
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Spirit of the Laws
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Montesquieu's most famous work, one of the most influential books of the 1700s
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Mary Wortley Mantagu
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one of the most positive commentators on eighteenth century Islam
-praised Muslim culture in the Turkish Embassy Letters -liked the Ottoman practice of smallpox vaccination -believed that upper class Turkish women were better treated by their husbands than European women -supported the garments women were forced to wear as it gave them anonymity |
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Cesare Beccaria
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-Italian philosophe who published On Crimes and Punishment
-advocated effective but fair punishments, spoke out against death penalty/torture |
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physiocrats
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-group of economic reformers who believed in limited govt./guild regulation on economy and spoke out against mercantilism
-supported agricultural revolution/enclosure movement -led by Pierre Dupont de Nemours and Francois Quesnay |
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Francois Quesnay
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one of the two main leaders of the physiocrats
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Pierre Dupont de Nemours
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one of the two main leaders of the physiocrats
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Adam Smith
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-most important economic reformer of the Enlightenment
-believed in limited govt. regulation -opposed to mercantilism -believed the best past to growth was each individual pursuing his own interests -founder of laissez-faire economic policy -believed in certain limited govt. involvement, such as govt. schools, armies, navies, roads, and protection of dangerous trade routes |
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Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
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-written by Adam Smith
-most important economic work of the Enlightenment |
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four stage theory
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-from Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations
1. hunter/gatherer 2. pastoral/herding 3. agricultural/farming 4. commercial |
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Montesquieu
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philosophe whose beliefs, as seen in Spirit of the Laws, included:
-each country demands a different system of government, depending on size, population, etc. -France's monarchy should be limited by many intermediary institutions, including the aristocracy and the parlements -each government should include some sort of division of power and a system of checks and balances |
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Rousseau
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-believed that people could never be totally free and must exhibit some loyalty to the community, but desired some level of freedom for each individual
-disagreed with commercial spirit advocated by Adam Smith and physiocrats |
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The Social Contract
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Rosseau's most famous work
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Marie-Therese Geofrin
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One of three notable women who organized salons during the Enlightenment
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Julie de Lespinasse
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One of three notable women who organized salons during the Enlightenment
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Claudine de Tencin
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-One of three notable women who organized salons during the Enlightenment
-Helped distribute Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws |
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Marquise de Pampadour
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mistress of Louis XV who played a key role in overcoming efforts to censor the Encyclopedia
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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argued directly against Rosseau's view of women in A Vindication of the Rights of Women, where she claimed that denying education to women impedes all of society and that keeping the two genders in separate spheres is comparable to enslaving women to men
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Enlightened absolutism
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monarchial government dedicated to the rational strengthening of the central absolutist administration at the cost of other lesser centers of political powers
-Frederick II of Prussia -Joseph II of Austria -Catherine II of Russia |
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How Catherine II showed Enlightened absolutism
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-gave Diderot subsidies
-read/cited philosophes -often complimented/associated w/ Voltaire |
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How Frederick the Great of Prussia showed Enlightened absolutism
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-corresponded w/ philosophes
-gave Voltaire place at his court -wrote history/political tracts |
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How Joseph II of Austria showed Enlightened absolutism
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-reformed legal, social, and religious issues discussed by philosophes in their writings
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