A&p Chap 9: Joints

Front 1

Joint Classification

Back 1

Structural Classification: Type of CT binding the bones & presence or absence of Synovial cavity. (fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial)
Functional Classification: type of movement permitted within joint. (synarthroses-none, amphiarthroses- slight, and diarthroses-free)
*Both methods overlap.

Front 2

Fibrous Joints

Back 2

-bones held together by fibrous dense irregular CT
- no synovial cavity
-little material separates bones, thus no movement (synarthroses) or little movement (amphiarthroses).
-Types: suture, syndemoses, (gomphoses), and (interosseous membranes).

Front 3

Sutures

Back 3

- bone edges have grooves, close and firm fit
- Location: b/w flat bones of skull
- synarthroses, but amphi in children
*some sutures, fibers may be replaced by bones= synostosis... frontal bone

Front 4

Syndemoses

Back 4

- also held together by fibrous CT, BUT bones are father apart... thus longer fibers (ligaments: bone to bone attachment)
- amphi-
- Location: btw distal ends of tibia and fibula (allowing supination and pronation)

Front 5

Gomphoses

Back 5

- can also be classified as syndesmosis.
-peg and socket articulation.
Location: root of teeth in alveolar sockets.
- synarthroses...if no disease

Front 6

Interosseous membrane

Back 6

- can also be classified as syndemosis
- sheet of CT that binds neighboring long bones
- CT tissue between radius and ulna; tibia and fibula
-amphi

Front 7

Cartilaginous joints

Back 7

- bones united by CARTILAGE
- no synovial cavity
- syn- or ampharthroses
- synchondroses and Symphyses

Front 8

Synchondroses

Back 8

- Hyaline cartilage holds the bones together
-syn-
location: Temporary joints... Epiphyseal plates or between ribs and sternum (manubrium) (bw ribs 2-10)
** the cartilage bw 1st ribs and manubrium is replaced by bone (synostoses)

Front 9

Symphyses

Back 9

- fibrocartilaginous pads seperating cartilage of adj. bones
-amphi (bc it is compressible)
-Locations: bw 2 pubic bones, intervertebral discs

Front 10

Synovial Joints

Back 10

- most of the joints in our body.
- fluid filled joint cavity (synovial cavity).
Diarthroses... limited only by ligaments, muscles, tendons, and bones

Front 11

Distinguishing Features of Synovial Joints

Back 11

- Articular cartilage: thin hyaline cartilage layer covering bone articular surfaces, so two bones won't rub together.
- Synovial Cavity: space separating bone ends, filled with synovial fluid (nourishes, lubricates cartilages; prevents articular cartilage contact)
*Injury of Syn fluid causes high production of it, leading to swelling.
- Articular capsule: surrounds and encloses syn cavity. Double layered:
- Fibrous memb: outer layer, joined to periosteum.
- Synovial memb: inner layer, folds, lines cavity
- produces synovial fluid
- Supporting Ligaments: Intrinsic, Extracapsular, and intracapsular ligaments.
- Articular discs: divide synovial cavity into two spaces, absorbs shock and pressure (menisci of knee).
-Labrum: fibrocartilagaginous "lip" that deepens the joint socket.

Front 12

Bursae
Tendon sheaths

Back 12

- not part of synovial joint BUT associated with them
- contains synovial fluid.
- DECREASES friction between a structure (skin, muscle, tendon, or ligament) and bone.
Bursae: sac filled with syn fluid; some subcutaneous (b/w bone and skin) but most tendons and bones.
Tendon Sheath: modified tube, gliding of tendons ... double wall cushion (visceral layer of syn memb folds over tendon surface, and parietal to tunnel of bone).
- usually associated with strong flexor muscles.

Front 13

Synovial Joint classification= movements

Back 13

1.Gliding: move back and forth... wrist
2.Angular: increase or decrease in angle bw two bones
4kinds:
Flexion: decrease angle. Ex: thigh up to abs.
Extension: increase angle. Back to anatomical position. Ex: straighten arm or leg.
- Hyperextension: beyond straight position ( bring limb posterior).
Abduction: away from midline
Adduction: towards the midline
(CIrcumduction)= all four movement. Ex: hip and shoulder
3. Rotation: motion of bone around central axis.
Inward (medial) rotation, Outward (lateral) rotation. Supination, and pronation

Front 14

Types of Synovial Joints:

Back 14

1. Plane: (gliding) (nonaxial joints)
- movement: side to side, back and forth gliding
- Location: bw tarsals and carpals
2. Hinge joints: (uniaxial)
- convex of one surface fits to concave of another.
- movement: flexion and extension
- Locations: elbows, knee
3. Pivot joints: (uniaxial)
- movement: rotation around longitudinal axis of bones.
- locations: C1 vertebra (atlas) around C2 (axis); radial/ ulnar joint---> supination and pronation; Shaking neck "no"
4. Condyloid (ellipsoid) joints. (biaxial)
- slanted concave to slanted convex
- Movements: flexion/extension, abduction/add, circumduction.
- Location: radius/carpals, moving neck.
5. Saddle joints:
- same movements as condyloid joints.
- Location: carpometacarpal joint of thumb.
6. Ball and socket joint: Triaxial
- head of one fits cup of others.
- movement: all of chondyloid + medial/ lateral rotation.
- Locations: shoulder and hips

Front 15

Selected joints of the body

Back 15

- Temporal mandibular joint:
Lateral lig, spenomandibular lig, and articular capsule
has disc like knee, can dislocate and tear.
- Ligaments associated with shoulder joints:
coracohumeral, glenohumeral, transverse humeral ligament.
also known as glenoid labrum.
Rotator cuff injury: caused by lifting. Separated shoulder vs shoulder displacement.
Elbow joints:
ulnar collateral, radial collateral, and anular ligament.
b/w humerus and ulna.
most common dislocation in kids.
Hip joints: pubofemoral, iliofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments.
acetabular labrum: like glenoid in shoulder
Knee joint: anterior and posterior cruciate and fibular and tibial collateral ligaments.

Front 16

Clinical terms

Back 16

- Autologous chondrocytes implantation: repairs damages in articular cartilage
- torn meniscus= torn cartilage
- arthoscopi: joint being scoped.
- sprain vs strain: Sprain is ligament damage. Strain is tendon damage.
- arthralgia: joint pain... it is non-inflammatory, thus not called arthritis.
- rheumotoidarthritis: effects joints of hand and feet... is bilateral (both sides effected).
-Rheumatism: effecting joints and connective tissue.
- oseteoparthritis: bone to bone rubbing. degration of joint, cuz of wear and tear and old age. At end of the day, this hurts alot more than rheumotoidarthritis. bc of tear and tear.
- ankleoinflamoistis : loss of movement. leads to Kyphosis (hunchback)