Ap Biology (Hormones And The Endocrine System: 45.4)

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thyroid gland

Back 1

An endocrine gland, located on the ventral surface of the trachea, that secrets two iodine containing hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin.

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triiodothyronine (T3)

Back 2

One of two iodine-containing hormones that are secreted by the thyroid gland and help regulate metabolism, development, and maturation in vertebrates.

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thyroxine (T4)

Back 3

One of two iodine-containing hormones that are secreted by the thyroid gland and help regulate metabolism, development, and maturation in vertebrates.

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parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 4

A hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that raises blood calcium level by promoting calcium release from bone and calcium retention by the kidneys.

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parathyroid glands

Back 5

Any of four small endocrine glands, embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland, that secrete parathyroid hormone.

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vitamin D

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One of the fat-soluble vitamins. The active form functions as a hormone, acting in concert with parathyroid hormone in bone and promoting the uptake of calcium from food within the intestines.

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calcitonin

Back 7

A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels by promoting calcium deposition in bone an calcium excretion from the kidneys.

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pancreas

Back 8

A gland with dual functions: The nonendocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct; the endocrine portion secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood.

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islets of Langerhans

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Clusters of endocrine cells within the pancreas that produce and secrete the hormones glucagon (alpha cells) and insulin (beta cells).

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glucagon

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A hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells that raises blood glucose levels. It promotes glycogen breakdown and release of glucose by the liver.

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insulin

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A hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells that lowers blood glucose levels. It promotes the uptake of glucose by most body cells and the synthesis and storage of glycogen in the liver and also stimulates protein and fat synthesis.

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Diabetes mellitus

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An endocrine disorder marked by inability to maintain glucose homeostasis. The type I form results from autoimmuine destruction of insulin-secreting cells; treatment usually requires insulin injections several times a day. The type II form most commonly results from reduced responsiveness of target cells to insulin; obesity and lack of exercise are risk factors.

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adrenal glands

Back 13

One of two endocrine glands located adjacent to the kidneys in mammals. Endocrine cells in the outer portion (cortex) respond to ACTH by secreting steroid hormones that help maintain homeostasis during long-term stress. Neurosecretory cells in the central portion (medulla) secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to nervous inputs triggered by short-tem stress.

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epinephrine

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A catecholamine hormone secreted from the adrenal medulla that mediates "fight-or-flight" responses to short-term stress; also functions as a neurotransmitter.

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norepinephrine

Back 15

A hormone that is chemically and functionally similar to epinephrine.

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catecholamines

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Any of a class of compounds, including the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, that are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine.

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corticosteroids

Back 17

Any steroid hormone produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex.

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glucocorticoids

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A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that influences glucose metabolism and immune function.

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mineralocorticoids

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A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates salt and water homeostasis.

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androgens

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Any steroid hormone, such as testosterone, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.

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testosterone

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The most abundant androgen hormone in the male body.

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Estrogens

Back 22

Any steroid hormone, such as estradiol, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.

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progestins

Back 23

One of a family of steroid hormones, including progesterone, that prepare the uterus for pregnancy.

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pineal gland

Back 24

A small gland on the dorsal surface of the vertebrate forebrain that secretes the hormone melatonin.

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melatonin

Back 25

A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that regulates body functions related to seasonal day length.