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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Self-Fertilization
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-When sperm carrying pollen grains are released from the stamens land on the tip of the egg-containing carpel of the same flower
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Cross-Fertilization
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-Fertilization of oneplant by pollen from a different plant
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P Generation
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-Parental Generation
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Hybrids
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-Offspring of two different varities
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F1 Generation
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-Offspring of the P Generation
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F2 Generation
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-Offspring of the F1 Generation
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Alleles
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-Alternative forms of a gene that reside at the same locus on homologus chromosomes
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Homozygous
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-Identical pair of alleles for a characteristic
-Truebreeding |
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Heterozygous
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-Two different alleles for a characteristic
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Genotype
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-The genetic makeup
-The letters, eg: Aa, AA, aa |
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Phenotype
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-The trait that is expressed
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Principle of Segregation
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-Pairs of genes separate during gamete formation
-The fusion of gametes at fertilization pairs genes once again |
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Punnet Square
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-Used to show the possible combinations of gametes
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Monohybrid
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-Follows one trait
-EX: AA, Aa, aa |
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DiHybrid
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-Shows two traits
-EX: SSVV, SsVv, ssvv, etc. |
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Principle of Independent Assortment
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-Each pair of alleles separate independently during gamete formation
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Test Cross
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-A mating between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual
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Mendel's Hypotheses
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1. There are alternative forms of genes, the units that determine heritable characteristics
2. For each inherited characteristics, an organism has two genes, one from each parent 3. When two alleles are different, the one that is fully expressed is said to be the dominant allele, and the one that is not noticeably expressed is said to be the recessive allele 4. A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each characteristic because the allele pairs segregate from one another during gamete formation |
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Mendel's Hypotheses 2
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1. Characteristics determined by genes
2. Gametes = 1 allele Being = 2 alleles 3. Dominant= expressed Recessive= sometimes expressed 4. gametes=1 allele |
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Rule of Multiplication
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-Probability
-Calculate the probability of two independent events -The product of the separate probabilities of the independent events |
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Rule of Addition
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-Probability
-Calculates the probability of an event that can occur in alternate ways -The sum of the separate probabilities of the different ways |
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Rules of Probability
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-Each event or offspring is an independent event unaffected by the others
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Family Pedigrees
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-Genetic Traits in humans can be tracked through these
-Used to determine individual genotypes |
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Autosomal Disorders
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-Controlled by a single gene in humans
-Recessive: two copies = has disease, heterozygous is a carrier |
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Recessive Autosomal Disorders
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-Albinism - lack of pigment
-Cystic Fibrosis - excessive mucus in lungs, digestive tract, and liver, susceptible to infection -Sickle-cell disease - sickled red blood cells, homozygous |
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Dominant Autosomal Disorders
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-Achondroplasia - dwarfism
-Huntington's disease - mental deterioriation |
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Amniocentesis
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-Used to determine possible genetic disorders or to distinguish carriers of genetic disorders
-Fetal testing, high risk pregnancies -14 to 16 week, needle in stomach to uterus, retracts fluid, takes cells and makes a karyotype |
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Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
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-High risk pregnancies to determine genetic disorders
-Go up through birth canal and takes fluid, 8 to 10 weeks -Allows doctors to remove fetal cells that can be tested for genetic abnormalities |
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Fetal Imaging
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-Ultrasound
-Uses sound waves to produce a picture of a fetus -Detect gender and birth defects, movement, heart beat, weight, see if things are okay. |
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Newborn Screening
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-Simple tests performed in most hospitals at birth to detect genetic disorders
-EX: PKU Disease |
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>Mendel's Laws
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-"Dominant or Recessive"=Mendel
-The relationship of genotype to phenotype is rarely simple -Many characteristics in eukaryotes follow Mendel's laws but many other characterisitics follow much more complex patterns -These patterns are extensions to Mendel's law, not exceptions |
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Incomplete Dominance
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-When one allele is not completely dominant in the heterozygote and the heterozygote exhibits intermediate between both the homozygous conditions
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Multiple Alleles
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-Genes that have three or more alleles types in the population (but the individuals still only carry two)
-EX: Blood and Eye -Three Alleles (A, B, O) > Four Possible Phenotypes (A, B, AB, O) > Six possible Genotypes |
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Blood Type
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-Phenotype
-A -B -AB=universal acceptor -O=universal doner |
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Blood Alleles (Genotype)
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-A: IAIA, IAi
-B: IBIB, IBi -AB: IAIB -O: ii |
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Blood Antigens
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-On Surface
-What it recognizes -A: A -B: B -AB: A + B -O: None |
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Blood Antibodies
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-What it attacks
-A: B -B: A -AB: None -O: A + B |
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Blood
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-A and B are codominant to each other; If both present, both are expressed.
-A and B are both dominant over the O allele; Need two copies of O to express it. -Matching blood types is critical for transfusions; if donor's blood cells have an antigen that does not match the recipient's then the recipient's blood produces proteins called antibodies that bind the foreign antigen which causes clumping, or agglutination |
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Agglutination
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-Clumping
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Polygenic Inheritance
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-Many characteristics such as human skin color and height cary in a population along a continuum because the featuretrait results from the effects of two or more genes on the single phentotype
-Spectrum of many genes = many possibilities |
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Pleiotropy
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-When one gene can influence several characteristics, the impact of a single gene on more than one characteristic.
-EX: Sickle-Cell Anemia: many symptoms/phenotypes |
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Genetic Testing / Genetic Screening
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-Diagnostic testing is used to confirm or rule out the existence of a genetic disorder
-Ethical, moral, and medicial issues are ebing raised by the increased use of genetic testing in cluding insurability of persons detected or predisposed for genetic disorders |
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Chromosome Theory of Inheritence
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-Genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization accounts for inheritence patterns
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Linked Genes
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-Genes located close to one another on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together
-Crossing over produces new combinations of alleles and can seperate linked genes |
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Recombination Frequencies
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-Crossing over data is used to map genes
-Used to map the relative positions of genes on chromosomes -Higher recombination frequency, greater the distance they are apart. |
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Sex Chromosomes
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-A pair of chromosomes, designated X and Y, that determine an individual's gender
-Female: XX -Male: XY -No YO: some X genes, non-sex, are needed for survivial |
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Gender Determination
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-Not yet completely understood, genetic basis
-One gen o the Y chromosome plays a crucial role, called SRY |
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SRY
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-Triggers testis development; the absence of SRY triggers ovary development
-Other systems of sex determination exist in other animals and plants |
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Autosomes
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-The 44 other human chromsomes that determine most of the traits and characteristics
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Sex-Linked Inheritence
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-Any gene located on the sex chromosome is a sex-linked gene and follows a unique pattern of inheritence
-Mostly on X chromsome since very few genes on Y chromosome -Genes unrelated to Sex Determination -Females get two copies since XX -Males only get one copy since XY, therefore, males express whatever allele is on their single X chromosome regardless of whether it is dominant or recessive |
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Sex-Linked Human Conditions/Disorders
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-Red-Green Color Blindness
-Hemophilia: blood does not clot, can bleed to death -Muscular Dystrophy |
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X-Inactivation
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-XBXb = 1 X doesn't uncoil, barrbody, and is not expressed
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