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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Filter feeder
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Sifts small food particles out of the water, like baleen whales
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Substrate feeders
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Live in or on food source, like maggots
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Deposit feeders
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Eat their way through dirt or sediment, like earthworms
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Fluid feeders
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Make living sucking nutrient trick fluids from hosts, like mosquitoes
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Hydrolysis
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The addition of water, enzymatic digestion
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Intracellular digestion
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Digestion within a cell
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Extracellular digestion
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The breakdown of food outside of cells
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Gastrovacular cavities
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Digestive sacs with single openings ,which many animals with simple body plans have (mouth=anus) ex:hydra
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Alimentary canal
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Complete digestive tract-has separate mouth and anus
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Peristalsis
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Waves of contraction by smooth muscles in the calls of a canal, which push food along
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Salivary gland
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Mammals have three, deliver saliva which contains salivary amylase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes starch
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Pancreas
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Uses insulin and glucagon to regulate sugar levels in the blood
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Liver
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Makes bile, contains bile salts, which take big circles of fat and break them down into smaller pieces
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Gall bladder
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Stores bile from liver
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Salivary amylase X
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Enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into smaller polysaccharides and the disaccharide maltose
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Pharynx
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Also called the throat, is a junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea (windpipe)
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Epiglottis
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A cartilaginous flap which blocks the windpipe while swallowing flood
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Glottis
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The opening to the winndpipe that is blocked by the epiglottis
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Esophagus
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Conducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach by peristalsis
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Stomach
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In upper abdominal cavity, below diaphragm
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Rugae
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A series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ
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Lumen
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Cavity
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Gastic juice
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A digestive fluid secreted by the stomach
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Pepsin X
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An enzyme that begins the hydrolysis of proteins- cleaves proteins into smaller polypeptides
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Pepsinogen
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Inactive form of pepsin which is secreted by chief cells in gastic pits in stomach. Is activated by HCl
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Zymogens
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Inactive enzyme precursors
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Gastrin
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A digestive hormone secreted by the stomach, that stimulates the secretion of gastric juice
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Pyloric sphincter
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Opening leading from stomach to small intestine, helps regulate passage of chyme into intestine
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Duodenum
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First 25cm of small intestine
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Secretin
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Acidic pH of chyme that enters duodenum stimulates cells to release the hormone secretin
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Lipase X
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An enzyme that hydrolyzes fat molecules in the intestinal lumen
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Pancreatic amylase X
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Digest carbohydrates in lumen of small intestine
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Maltose
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Disaccharide, Glucose+Glucose
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Maltase
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One of a family of disaccharidases, each one specific for hydrolysis of a different disaccharide. Hydrolyzes maltose.
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Trypsin and chymotrypsin X
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Enzyme specific for peptide bonds adjacent to a certain amino polypeptide that has a free carboxyl group
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Carboxypeptidase X
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Splits off one amino acid at a time, beginning at the end of the polypeptide that has a free carboxyl group
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Aminopeptidase X
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Works in the opposite direction from the caboxypeptidase
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Dipeptidase X
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Enzymes attached to intestinal lining which split small peptides
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Enteropeptidase X
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Directly or indirectly triggers activation of these enzymes with the intestinal lumen
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Nucleases X
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Team of enzymes which hydrolezes DNA and RNA into their component nucleotides
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Emulsification
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Bile salts from the gallbladder secreted into the duodenum coat tiny fat droplets and keep them from sticking together
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Jejenum / ileum
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Next 2 regions of small intestine, function mainly in the absorption of nutrients and water
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Villi
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Fingerlike projection off of small intestines
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Lacteal
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Penetrating the core of each villus is a net of microscopic blood vessels and a small vessel off the lymphatic system called a lacteal
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Chlyomicrons
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Fat and cholesterol coated with a special protein, are transported by exocytosis out of epithelial cells into lacteals
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Lipoproteins
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-A protein bonded to a lipid
-Transport fats and cholesterol in blood |
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Hepatic portal vein
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Capillaries and veins that drain nutrients away from the villi converge here. This vein leads straight to the liver. This ensures that the liver has the first access to amino acids and sugars absorbed after a meal is digested
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Large intestine
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Connected to small intestine where a sphincter controls the movement of material
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Cecum
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Blind outpocket of a hollow organ such as an intestine
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Appendix
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Extension off cecum
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E. coli are commonly found in the ________
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colon
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Rectum
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Terminal portion of the colon, where feces are stored until they can be eliminated
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Undernourished
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Diet deficient of calories
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Malnourished
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Missing essential nutrients
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Complete proteins
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Provide all 8 essential amino acids in their proper proportion, like meat eggs and cheese
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Vitamin
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Organic molecules required in the diet in small quantities
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Minerals
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Simple INorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts
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Describe the structure of the walls of the alimentary canal. Explain how food moves through the tract, and how it is temporarily held in the stomach before moving to the intestine
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-Physical and chemical digestion of food begins in the mouth
-The esophagus conducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach by peristalsis -The stomach stores good and performs preliminary digestion -Usually, the stomach is closed off at either end -The small intestine is the major organ of digestion and absorption |
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Name the four accesory organs of the digestive system and state their role
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1. Salivary glands- Contains salivary amylase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes starch, and glycogen
2. Pancreas- Produces several hydrolytic enzymes and an alkaline solution rich in dicarbonate 3. Liver- produces bile 4. Gall bladder- stores bile |
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Describe the nature and function of saliva. What enzyme is present in it and what does it do?
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-Saliva contains a slippery glycoprotein called mucin, which protects the soft lining of the mouth from abrasion
-It also contains buffers that help prevent tooth decay -Saliva contains salivary amylase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen |
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What is the purpose of the epiglottis? Where is it located?
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-Epiglottis: A cartilaginous flap that blocks the top of the windpipe, the glottis, during swallowing, which prevents the entry of food/fluid into the respiratory system
-Located in the trachea |
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Describe in detail the epithelium lining the stomach, including types of cells and their secretions
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The gastric glands have three types of cells that secrete different components of the gastric juice
1. Mucus cells- secrete mucus, which lubricate and protect stomach 2. Chief cells- secrete pepsinogen, an inactive form of the digestive enzyme pepsin 3. Parietal cells- secrete hydrochloric acid |
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What is the purpose of the acid secreted by the stomach? How is the control of acid secretion accomplished?
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-The stomach secretes gastric juice
-Gastric juice disrupts the extracellular matrix that bind cells together in the meat or plant material -Also kills most bacteria swallowed with food -Control of acid secretion is accomplished with the pepsin/pepsinogen combo and mucus coatings |
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Describe the anatomy of the small intestine, including the names of each section and the structures of the lining
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1. Duodenum- acid chyme mixes with digestive juices in necessary organs
2. Jejunum- Primarily involved in absorption of nutrients and water 3. Ileum- Also primarily involved in the absorption of nutrients and water |
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Describe the anatomy of the large intestine (colon). What is the common bacterial inhabitant and how does it benefit us?
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-Main branch of colon is shaped like a U, 1.5 meters long.
-Terminal portion is called rectum -E.coli inhabits large intestine -They generate gases like mathane and hydrogen sulfate -Some bacteria produce vitamins like K,B |
