Ap Bio Physiology Ch. 41-49

Front 1

undernourishment

Back 1

deficient in calories

Front 2

overnourishment

Back 2

obesity

Front 3

essential nutrients

Back 3

materials that must be obtained in pre-assembled form; animals can't make from raw materials. [amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals]

Front 4

malnourished

Back 4

missing 1+ essential nutrients

Front 5

suspension-feeders

Back 5

sift small food particles from water

Front 6

substrate-feeders

Back 6

live in/on their food source

Front 7

deposit-feeders

Back 7

live in/eat dirt

Front 8

fluid-feeders

Back 8

suck nutrient-rich fluid from living host

Front 9

bulk-feeders

Back 9

eat lots! +big pieces of food

Front 10

ingestion

Back 10

act of eating

Front 11

digestion

Back 11

process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for body to absorb

Front 12

enzyatic hydrolysis

Back 12

splitting molecules by adding water; breaking bonds

Front 13

absorption

Back 13

cells take up small molecules

Front 14

elimination

Back 14

pee/poop it out

Front 15

intracellular digestion

Back 15

food vacuoles+ lysosomes; digests in itself

Front 16

exgracellular digestion

Back 16

breakdown of food outside of cells; extracellular digestion cavity

Front 17

gastrovascular cavities

Back 17

digestive tracts: single openings. (ex. hydras)dual role: mouth and anus

Front 18

systole

Back 18

contraction phase

Front 19

diastole

Back 19

relaxation phase

Front 20

heart rate

Back 20

#beats per minute

Front 21

stroke volume

Back 21

amt of blood pumped by left ventricle in each contraction

Front 22

sinoatrial (SA) node

Back 22

pace maker, sets rate/timing when all cardiac muscle cells contract

Front 23

endothelium

Back 23

lines lumen of all blood vessels. single layer of flattened cells; provides smooth surface.

Front 24

atria

Back 24

receive blood returning to heart

Front 25

ventricle

Back 25

pump blood out of heart

Front 26

arteries

Back 26

carry blood away from heart to organs. fatty & fastest

Front 27

arterioles

Back 27

arteries >> _____. in organs, small

Front 28

capillaries

Back 28

arterioles >> _______. thin, porous, slowest. make up beds

Front 29

venules << veins

Back 29

capillaries >_______ > ______. return blood to heart

Front 30

red blood cells

Back 30

transport oxygen, no nucleus, hemoglobin, lack mitochondria,

Front 31

white blood cells

Back 31

function for defense, fight infection,

Front 32

platelets

Back 32

clotting, no nucleus

Front 33

fibrinogen/fibrin

Back 33

inactive/aggregates into thread, framework of clot.

Front 34

thrombus

Back 34

clot in blood vessels; block blood flow

Front 35

heart attack

Back 35

death of cardiac muscle tissue

Front 36

stroke

Back 36

death of nervous tissue

Front 37

tidal volume

Back 37

volume of air animal inhales and exhales w/ each breath

Front 38

vital capacity

Back 38

max tidal volume, forced breathing

Front 39

residual volume

Back 39

breath after we exhale

Front 40

breathing control centers

Back 40

medulla oblongata, pons

Front 41

too much CO2

Back 41

pH drops, medulla inc rate of breathing

Front 42

hemoglobin

Back 42

in red blood cells, 4 subunits, 4 units O2, iron actually binds to O2. transports O2/CO2

Front 43

bohr shift

Back 43

drop in pH lowers affinity for O2 in hemoglobin

Front 44

first line of defense

Back 44

skin, mucous membranes, secretions

Front 45

2nd line of defense

Back 45

phag. white blood cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflam. response

Front 46

3rd line of defense

Back 46

specific, lymphocytes, antibodies

Front 47

chemokines

Back 47

attract phagocytes to an area

Front 48

complement system

Back 48

20 serum proteins, carry out cascade of steps leading to lysis of microbes

Front 49

interferons

Back 49

secreted by virus infected cells, induce neighboring cells to inhibit viral reproduction

Front 50

antigen

Back 50

foreign molecule

Front 51

Class I MHC

Back 51

glycoproteins, found on almost cells

Front 52

Class II MHC

Back 52

glycoproteins, specific cells

Front 53

Humoral response

Back 53

B cell activation,

Front 54

cell mediated response

Back 54

depends on T cell actions