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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are tissues?
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Collections of similar cells & the substances surrounding them
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What are the classification of tissue types based on?
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1 - Structure of cells
2 - Composition of non-cellular substances (extra cellular matrix) 3 - Functions of cells |
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What are the four primary tissue types?
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1 - Epithelial
2 - Connective 3 - Muscle 4 - Nervous |
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What is the classification of epithelial & connective tissue based on?
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1 - Structure (cell shapes)
2 - Relationships of cells to one another 3 - Materials in extra cellular matrix |
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What is the classification of muscle & nervous tissue based on?
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Functional & structural characteristics
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What is histology?
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Microscopic study of tissues
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What is a biopsy?
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Process of removing tissue samples for diagnostic purposes
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What/where is endoderm?
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Inner layer - lining of digestive tract & derivatives
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What/where is mesoderm?
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Middle layer - muscle, bone & blood vessels
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What/where is ectoderm?
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Outer layer - skin & neuroectoderm (becomes the nervous system)
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Describe epithelium.
Where is it found? |
- Composed of mostly cells; very little extra cellular matrix
- Covers body; forms glands - Found on the outside surface, lining of digestive/respiratory tract, heart, blood vessels & linings of body cavities |
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Free or apical surface
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Not attached to other cells
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Lateral surface
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Attached to other epithelial cells
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Basal surface
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Attached to basement membrane
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How is the basement membrane formed?
What does it do? |
- Secreted by epithelial cells & by connective tissue
- Works as an adhesive (scotch tape) to attach epithelial cells to underlying tissues |
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What holds adjacent epithelial cells together
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Specialized cell contacts
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How do nutrients reach the epithelial cells?
Why are they reached this way? |
- Diffusing from blood vessels
- Because epithelial tissue is avascular |
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Where are the most metabolically active cells?
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Close to the basement membrane
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What are the FIVE major functions of epithelia?
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1 - Protecting underlying structures
2 - Acting as barriers 3 - Permitting passages of substances 4 - Secreting substances 5 - Absorbing substances |
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What is the classification of epithelium based on?
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Number of cells layers & shape
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What are the three major types of epithelium based on cell layers?
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1 - Simple epithelium
2 - Stratified Epithelium 3 - Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium |
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Simple Epithelium
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Single layers - from basement membrane to free surface
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Stratified Epithelium
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More than 1 layer - Only the basal layer attaches to the basement membrane
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Where would you find this type? |
Pseudo = Fake
It appears stratified, but it is not 1 layer, some are tall & reach the free surface & others do not - Nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, trachea, bronchi of lungs |
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What are the three shapes of epithelial cells?
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- Squamous - Flat/scale like
- Columnar - columns; taller than wide - Cuboidal - cube shaped; wide as tall |
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Types of epithelium are given two names based on:
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- Layers
- Shapes |
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Moist stratified squamous epithelium
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A layer of fluid covers the outer most layer & makes them moist
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Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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Composed of dead cells containing keratin; Keratin gives tissue durable, moisture resistant & dry character
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Where is transitional epithelium found?
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Urinary bladder, ureters, pelvis of kidney, superior urethra
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What shape are transitional epithelium when they are NOT stretched?
When they ARE stretched? |
NOT - cuboidal or columnar
ARE - Squamous like |
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Simple epithelium functions to:
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1 - Cover surfaces
2 - Allows diffusion of gases (lungs) 3 - Filters blood (kidneys) 4 - Secretes (glands) 5 - Absorbs nutrients (intestines) |
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Stratified epithelium functions for:
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Protection
As outer cells are damaged they are replaced by deeper levels of cells |
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Flat & Thin cells
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will allow diffusion & filter
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What are cuboidal or columnar cells usually involved in?
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Secretion & absorption
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What to smooth cell surfaces do?
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They reduce friction
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What do microvilli do for a cell?
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They increase surface area - Therefore they are involved in absorption & secretion
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What are elongated microvilli called?
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Stereocilia - They are important function in sensory structure (sound detection in the ear)
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What purpose do cilia servce in the human body?
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The move materials across the surface of a cell
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What are three functions of cellular connections?
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1 - Mechanically bind cells together
2 - Permeability barrier 3 - Intercellular communication |
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Describe the structure of a desmosome
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Disk shaped - adhesive - binds cells together & intermediate filaments extending into cytoplasm
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What does a hemidesmosome do?
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Attaches epithelial cells to the base membrane
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What do tight junctions do?
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They hold cells together & forms permeability barriers
The tight seal prevents passage of materials between cells. |
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Where is the zonula adherens & what does it do?
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Between plasma membranes of adjacent cells; It acts as a weak glue
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What does the zonula occludens form?
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Permeability barrier
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What does a gap junction do, and where are they most important?
What do they do in ciliated epithelial cells? |
- Aids intercellular communication
- Most important in Cardiac & smooth muscle tissues - In ciliated epithelial cells they may coordinate movements of cilia |
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Exocrine
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- Gland that is connected to the surface by a duct
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Endocrine
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- Glands that DO NOT connect by a duct
- They secrete into the blood stream & produce hormones |
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What is an exocrine gland consisting of many cells called?
One cell? |
- Multicellular
- Unicellular (Goblet cell) |
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What can the duct system of an exocrine gland be?
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- Simple - few branches
- Compound - branch repeatedly - Tubular - end of duct - Acinar - sac-like structures (grapes) - Alveolar - hollow sacs |
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What are the three functional types of glands?
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1 - Merocrine
2 - Apocrine 3 - Holocrine |
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How do merocine glands work?
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They secrete products with no loss of cellular material (sweat glands & exocrine part of pancreas)
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How do apocrine glands work?
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They discharge fragments of the gland in secretion (mammary glands)
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How do holocrine glands work?
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They shed entire cells, the cells rupture, die & become part of the secretion (sebaceous/oil glands)
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General characteristics of connective tissue
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- Consist of cells that are separated by abundant extra cellular matrix
- The structure is diverse & performs a variety of functions |
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What are the seven major categories of connective tissue function?
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- Enclosing/separating (tissues/organs)
- Connecting tissues to each other (tendons/ligaments) - Supporting & moving (bones) - Storing (adipose/fat) - Cushion/insulating (adipose) - Transporting (blood) - Protecting (immune system) |
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Define the function based on suffix:
1 - Blasts 2 - Cytes 3 - Clasts |
1 - Create
2 - Maintain 3 - Breakdown |
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What type of tissue do these prefixes refer to:
1 - Fibro 2 - Chondro 3 - Osteo |
1 - Fiborous
2 - Cartilage 3 - Bone |
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What do adipose cells do & what do they look like?
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- Store, protect, insulate
- Large droplets with thin layers |
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Where are Mast Cells found?
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Beneath membranes of loose connective tissue & along blood vessels of organs
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What chemicals do mast cells contain?
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Heparin, histamine, proteolytic enzymes
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What is the function of mast cells?
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They react in response to injury and play a part in inflammation
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What kind of cells continuously move into connective tissue?
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White blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes
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What do macrophages do?
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They eat foreign/injured cells
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Fixed Macrophage
Wandering Macrophage |
1 - Do NOT move
2 - Move by ameboid movement |
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What are embryonic connective tissue cells that persist in adult tissues called?
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Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (stem cells)
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What is the potential of stem cells?
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To differentiate to form adult cell types
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What are the three major components of the connective tissue matrix?
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1 - Protein fibers
2 - Ground substances consisting of non fiberous protein & other molecules 3 - Fluid |
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What is the structure of connective tissue matrix responsible for?
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- Giving tissue types most of their functional characteristics
- Bones/Cartilage; Bear weight - Tendons/Ligaments; w/stand tension - Skin's dermis; w/stand punctures, abrasions & other abuses |
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What are collagen fibers composed of?
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Collagen 1/4-1/3 total body protein (6% of body weight)
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Describe the structure of a collagen molecule
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Chains of amino acids called collagen x chains are synthesized (3 wind around each other to form a microscopic rope like a helix)
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What are the pysical properties of collagen?
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Strong & flexible but quite inelastic
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How many types of collagen are there?
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20 (6 are most common)
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Describe reticular fibers
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Short/thin very fine - branch to form a network (appear different than other collagen); They fill spaces between tissues/organs
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What do elastic fibers contain?
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Elastin; it has the ability to return to it's original shape after stretched/compressed
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Describe an elastin molecule
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Polypeptide chains that are linked together
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How are elastin molecules arranged in the tissue?
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Chains are linked together to form a network
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What is ground substance?
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Shapeless background to see collagen fibers under a microscope
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Describe the shape of hyaluronic acid molecules
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Long unbranched polysaccharide chain repeats
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What quality does hyaluronic acid give to fluids?
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Slippery, good lubricant (ex. vitreous humor of eye)
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What are proteoglycan monomers?
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80-100 polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans
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What can proteoglycans do when they trap large quantities of water?
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Return to their original shape when compressed/deformed
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What do adhesive molecules do in connective tissue?
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They hold proteoglycan aggregates together and to structures such as plasma membranes
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What are the classifications of connective tissues influenced by?
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1 - Protein fibers & arrangement in extracellular matrix
2 - Protein fibers & ground substance in extracellular matrix 3 - A fluid extra cellular matrix |
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What are the three types of fibers?
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Collagen, reticular & elastic fibers
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What is Embryonic connective tissue called?
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Mesenchyme
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Describe mesenchyme structure
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1 - Irregularly shaped fibroplasts
2 - Surrounded by abundant semifluid extracellular matrix 3 - In which delicate collagen fibers are distributed |
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Where is mucous connective tissue found?
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Umbilical cord
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What is areolar tissue?
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Loose connective tissue
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What does loose connective tissue consist of?
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1 - Protein fibers (form a lacy network)
2 - Numerous fluid filled spaces |
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Functionally, areolar connective tissue is:
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1 - Loose packing material of most organs & other tissues
2 - Attaches skin to underlying tissues |
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What does Areolar connective tissue contain?
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- Collagen
- Reticular - Elastic fibers (also a variety of other cells) |
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Dense connective tissue protein fibers form:
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Thick bundles & fill nearly all extracellular space
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What is abundant in dense regular connective tissue? What color does this tissue appear?
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Collagen; White
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What does dense regular collagenous connective tissue form?
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Tendons & most ligaments
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Describe dense regular elastic connective tissue.
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It is composed of parallel bundles of collagen fibers & abundant elastic fibers. It appears yellow in color.
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Where can you find dense regular elastic connective tissue?
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- vocal folds
- nuchal ligament (back of neck) |
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What happens when dense regular elastic connective tissue is stretched?
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They tend to shorten to their original length
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Describe dense irregular connective tissue
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It contains protein fibers arranged in a meshwork of randomly oriented fibers.
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What is the functionality of dense irregular connective tissue?
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It forms sheets that have strength in many directions
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Where can you find dense irregular collagenous tissue?
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Dermis of skin & connective tissues surrounding kidney & spleen
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Where would you find dense irregular elastic connective tissue?
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Walls of elastic arteries
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Describe adipose tissue
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Consists of adipocytes containing large amounts of lipids. It is composed of large cells & a small amount of extracellular matrix that consists of loosely arranged collagen & reticular fibers w/ some scattered elastic fibers
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What is the function of adipose tissue?
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1 - insulator
2 - protective tissue 3 - energy storage |
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What is the difference between yellow and brown adipose tissue?
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- Brown: only found in specific areas of the body (armpits, neck & near kidneys)
- Yellow: Most abundant; storage insulation & protection |
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Describe Reticular tissue
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Forms the framework of lymphatic tissue; Characterized by a nmetwork of reticular fiber & reticular cells
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Describe cartilage
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Cartilage is composed of cells called chondrocytes that are in spaces called lacunae inside an extensive & rigid matrix
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What does the matrix of cartilage contain?
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Protein fibers, ground substance & gluid
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What do proteoglycans have the ability to do?
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They can trap large amounts of water which allows cartilage to spring back after being compressed.
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Why is collagen in cartilage important?
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Because it gives it considerable strength
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What is perichondrium?
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Dense irregular connective tissue (cartilage)
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Why does cartilage heal slowly?
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Because it has no blood vessels or nerves (blood/nutrients cannot reach the area when it is damaged)
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What is hyaline cartilage? Where would you find it?
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It has large amounts of collagen fibers & proteoglycans; You would find it where strong support & some flexibility are needed (Ribs/cartilage w/in trachea & bronchi); it also covers surfaces of bones between joints so they move smoothly
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Describe fibrocartilage.
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It has more collagen fivers than proteoglycans; Slightly compressible & very tough; Found in Knee, jaw & between vertebrae
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Describe elastic cartilage
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It has elastic fibers in addition to collagen & proteoglycans; You would find it in the external ear
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Describe bone
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Bone consists of living cells & mineralized matrix
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What does the organic portion of bone consist of? What are bone cells called?
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- Protein fibers, primarily collagen
- Osteocytes (located in holes of matrix) |
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What does the inorganic portion of bone consist of? What minerals do they contain?
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- Specialized crystals - hydroxyapatite
- Calcium & phosphate |
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What is lamellae?
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Many thin layers of bone
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Why does bone repair so easily?
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Because it contains a rich blood supply
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What is yellow bone marrow composed of? What about red bone marrow?
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- Yellow: yellow adipose
- Red : hemopoietic tissue |
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What does hemopoietic tissue do?
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Forms blood cells
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What is contractin?
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The main characteristic of muscle tissue
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Define:
Voluntary; Striated; Skeletal; Cardiac; Smooth |
1 - Conscious controlled muscle
2 - Layered/banded muscle 3 - Muscle that is striated & consciously controlled 4 - Muscle that is striated & unconsciously controlled 5 - Muscle that is non-striated & unconsciously controlled |
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What does the nervous system have the ability to do?
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Conduct electrical signals (action potentials)
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What are the major parts of a neuron?
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1 - Cell body: contains nucleus & is the site of general function
2 - Dendrites: receive action potentials 3 - Axons: Conduct action potentials (away from body) |
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Describe Multipolar neurons
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Several dendrites & ONE axon
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Describe Biopolar neurons
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single dendrite & axon
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Describe Unipolar neurons
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Very specialized neurons; ONE axon NO dendrites
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What is neuroglia & what does it do?
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- It supports cells of the brain & spinal cord & peripheral nerves
- Nourish, protect & insulates neurons |
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Describe Mucous membranes
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It consists of epithelial cells, basement membranes, a thick layer of loose connective tissue (lamina propria) & sometimes a layer of smooth muscle cells; They line cavities & canals that open to the outside body; They protect, absorb & secrete
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Define Serous membranes
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They consist of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium), its basement membrane & delicate layer of loose connective tissue; They line cavities that do not open to the exterior body
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What is the serous membrane's function?
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1 - Protect internal organs from friction
2 - Help hold organs in place 3 - Act as selectively permeable barriers to prevent accumulation of large amounts of fluid w/ in serous cavities |
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Define synovial membrane
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It is composed of modified connective tissue; they line freely moving joints; They produe a fluid rich in hyaluronic acid which makes joint fluid slippery thereby facilitating movement w/in joints
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What is the inflammatory response?
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- Mobilize body defenses
- Isolate & destroy microorganisms - Remove foreign material & damaged cells |
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What are the 5 major manifestations (symptoms) of an inflammatory response?
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1 - Redness
2 - Heat 3 - Swelling 4 - Pain 5 - Disturbance of function |
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What are mediators of inflammation?
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1 - Histamines
2 - Kinins 3 - Prostaglandins 4 - Leukotrienes & others |
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Why is dilation of blood vessels beneficial?
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It increases the speed to the site of injury in which WBC's & other substances important for fighting infections & repairing injury
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What does increased permeability of blood vessels do?
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Allows movement of materials (clotting proteins & WBCs) out of blood & into tissue to deal directly w/ the injury
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What is edema & why does it occur?
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It increases pressure, stimulates neurons & causes pain. Water swells in the tissues & proteins from the blood moves into tissues & changes the osmotic relation
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What is tissue repair?
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The substitution of viable cells for dead cells
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Which type of repair results in normal function?
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Regeneration
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Which type of repair will produce scar tissue?
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Replacement
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What is the classification of cells?
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1 - Labile - Continues to divide throughout life
2 - Stable - Only divides in response to injury 3 - Permanent - Very limited ability to divide |
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Primary Union
Secondary Union |
1 - Heals wounds when the edges are close together
2 - Heads wounds when the edges are far apart |
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What happens in older people's cells?
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The muscle cells & neurons decrease in number
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What happens to older people's collagen fibers?
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They become more irregular in structure (they become less flexible & more fragile)
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Elastic fibers _______, bind to _______ & become ________.
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Fragment; calcium; less elastic
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