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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anthropology |
The study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another. |
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Ethnocentrism |
The belief that one‘s own culture or way of life is normal and natural; using one‘s own culture to evaluate and judge the practices and ideals of others. |
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Ethnographic fieldwork |
A primary research strategy in cultural anthropology typically involving living and interacting with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives. |
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Four-field Approach |
The use of four interrelated disciplines to study humanity: physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology. |
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Holism |
The anthropological commitment to look at the whole picture of human life— culture, biology, history, and language— across space and time. |
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Physical anthropology |
The study of humans from a biological perspective, particularly how they have evolved over time and adapted to their environments. |
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Paleoanthropology |
The study of the history of human evolution through the fossil record. |
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Primatology |
The study of living nonhuman primates as well as primate fossils to better understand human evolution and early human behavior. |
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Archaeology |
The investigation of the human past by means of excavating and analyzing artifacts. |
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Prehistoric Archaeology |
The reconstruction of human behavior in the distant past (before written records) through the examination of artifacts. |
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Historic Archaeology |
The exploration of the more recent past through an examination of physical remains and artifacts as well as written or oral records |
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Linguistic Anthropology |
The study of human language in the past and present. |
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Descriptive Linguists |
Those who analyze languages and their component parts. |
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Historic Linguists |
Those who study how language changes over time within a culture and how languages travel across cultures |
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Sociolinguists |
Those who study language in its social and cultural contexts. |
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Cultural Anthropology |
The study of people‘s communities, behaviors, beliefs, and institutions, including how people make meaning as they live, work, and play together. |
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Participant Observation |
A key anthropological research strategy involving both participation in and observation of the daily life of the being studied. |
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Ethnology |
The analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures. |
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Globalization |
The worldwide intensification of interactions and increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across national borders. |
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Time-Space compression |
The rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that transforms the way people think about space and time. |
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Flexible Accumulation |
The increasingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enabled by innovative communication and transportation technologies. |
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Increasing migration |
The accelerated movement of people within and between countries. |
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Uneven development |
The unequal distribution of the benefits of globalization |
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Anthropocene |
The current historical era in which human activity is reshaping the planet in permanent ways. |
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Climate change |
Changes to Earth‘s climate, including global warming produced primarily by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases created by the burning of fossil fuels. |
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Culture |
A system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and institutions that are created, learned, shared, and contested by a group of people. |
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Enculturation |
The process of learning culture. |
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Norms |
Ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or toward certain other people. |
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Values |
Fundamental beliefs about what is important, what makes a good life, and what is true, right, and beautiful. |
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Symbol |
Anything that represents something else. |
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Mental maps of reality |
Cultural classifications of what kinds of people and things exist, and the assignment of meaning to those classifications. |
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Unilineal Cultural Evolution |
The theory proposed by nineteenth-century anthropologists that all cultures naturally evolve through the same sequence of stages from simple to complex. |
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Historical Particularism |
The idea, attributed o Franz Boas, that cultures develop in specific ways because of their unique histories. |
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Society |
The focus of early British anthropological research whose structure and function could be isolated and studied scientifically. |
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Structural Functionalism |
A conceptual framework positing that each element of society serves a particular function to keep the entire system in equilibrium. |
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Interpretivist Approach |
A conceptual framework that sees culture primarily as a symbolic system of deep meaning. |
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Thick Description |
A research strategy that combines detailed description of cultural activity with an analysis of the layers of deep cultural meaning in which those activities are embedded. |
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Power |
The ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence. |
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Stratification |
The uneven distribution of resources and privileges among participants in a group or culture. |
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Stratification |
The uneven distribution of resources and privileges among participants in a group or culture. |
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Hegemony |
The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use of threat or force. |
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Stratification |
The uneven distribution of resources and privileges among participants in a group or culture. |
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Hegemony |
The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use of threat or force. |
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Agency |
The potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power. |
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Stratification |
The uneven distribution of resources and privileges among participants in a group or culture. |
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Hegemony |
The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use of threat or force. |
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Agency |
The potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power. |
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Epigenetics |
An area of study in the field of genetics exploring how environmental factors directly affect the expression of genes in ways that may be inherited between generations. |
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Human Microbiome |
The complete collection of microorganisms in the human body‘s ecosystem. |
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Ethnographic Fieldwork |
A primary research strategy in cultural anthropology typically involving living and interacting with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives. |
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Salvage Ethnology |
Fieldwork strategy developed by Franz Boas to collect cultural, material, linguistic, and biological information about Native American populations being devastated by the westward expansion of European settlers. |
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Cultural Relativism |
Understanding a group‘s beliefs and practices within their own cultural context, without making judgments. |
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Participant Observation |
A key anthropological research strategy involving both participation in and observation of the daily life of the people being studied. |
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Reflexivity |
A critical self-examination of the role the anthropologist plays and an awareness that one‘s identity affects one‘s fieldwork and theoretical analyses. |
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Engaged Anthropology |
Applying the research strategies and analytical perspectives of anthropology to address concrete challenges facing local communities and the world at large. |
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Engaged Anthropology |
Applying the research strategies and analytical perspectives of anthropology to address concrete challenges facing local communities and the world at large. |
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Anthropologist‘s Toolkit |
The tools needed to conduct fieldwork, including information, perspectives, strategies and even equipment. |
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Quantitative Data |
Statistical information about a community that can be measured and compared. |
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Qualitative Data |
Descriptive data drawn from nonstatistical sources, including personal stories, interviews, life histories, and participant observation. |
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Key Informant |
A community member who advises the anthropologist on community issues, provides feedback, and warns against cultural miscues. Also called cultural consultant. |
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Life History |
A form of interview that traces the biography of a person over time, examining changes in the person‘s life and illuminating the interlocking network of relationships in the community. |
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Survey |
An information-gathering tool for quantitative data analysis. |
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Kinship Analysis |
A fieldwork strategy of examining relationships of power built on marriage and family ties. |
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Social Network Analysis |
A method for examining relationships in a community, often conducted by identifying whom people turn to in times of need. |
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Field Notes |
The anthropologist‘s written observations and reflections on places, practices, events, and interviews. |
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Mapping |
The analysis of the physical and/or geographic space where fieldwork is being conducted. |
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Built Environment |
The intentionally designed features of human settlement, including building, transportation and public service infrastructure, and public spaces. |
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Zeros |
Elements of a story or picture that are not told or seen and yet offer key insights into issues that might be too sensitive to discuss or display publicly |
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Mutual Transportation |
The potential for both the anthropologist and the members of the community being studied to be transformed by the interactions of fieldwork. |
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Emic |
An approach to gathering data that investigates how local people think and how they understand the world. |
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Etic |
Description of local behavior and beliefs from the anthropologist‘s perspective in ways that can be compared across cultures. |
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Ethnology |
The analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures. |
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Polyvocality |
The practice of using many different voices in ethnographic writing and research question development, allowing the reader to hear more directly from the people in the study. |
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Informed Consent |
A key strategy for protecting those being studied by enduring that they are fully informed of the goals of the project and have clearly indicated their consent to participate. |
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Anonymity |
Protecting the identities of the people involved in a study by changing or omitting their names or other identifying characteristics. |
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Gender Studies |
Research into masculinity and femininity as flexible as flexible, complex, and historically and culturally constructed categories. |
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Gender Studies |
Research into masculinity and femininity as flexible as flexible, complex, and historically and culturally constructed categories. |
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Sex |
The observable physical differences between male and female, especially biological differences related to human reproduction. |
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Gender Studies |
Research into masculinity and femininity as flexible as flexible, complex, and historically and culturally constructed categories. |
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Sex |
The observable physical differences between male and female, especially biological differences related to human reproduction. |
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Gender |
The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes. |
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Gender Studies |
Research into masculinity and femininity as flexible as flexible, complex, and historically and culturally constructed categories. |
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Sex |
The observable physical differences between male and female, especially biological differences related to human reproduction. |
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Gender |
The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes. |
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Sexual Dimorphism |
The phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species. |
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Cultural Construction of Gender |
The ways humans learn to behave as a man or woman and to recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within their cultural context. |
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Masculinity |
The ideas and practices associated with manhood. |
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Femininity |
The ideas and practices associated with womanhood. |
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Femininity |
The ideas and practices associated with womanhood. |
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Gender Performance |
The way gender identity is expressed through action. |
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Intersex |
The state of being born with a combination of male and female genitals, gonads, and/or chromosomes. |
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Transgender |
A gender identity or performance that does not fit with cultural norms related to one’s assigned sex at birth. |
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Gender Stratification |
An unequal distribution of power in which gender shapes who has access to a group’s resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges. |
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Gender Stratification |
An unequal distribution of power in which gender shapes who has access to a group’s resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges. |
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Gender Stereotypes |
Widely held preconceived notions about the attributes of, differences between, and proper roles for men and women in culture. |
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Gender Stratification |
An unequal distribution of power in which gender shapes who has access to a group’s resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges. |
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Gender Stereotypes |
Widely held preconceived notions about the attributes of, differences between, and proper roles for men and women in culture. |
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Gender Ideology |
A set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification. |
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Kindhip |
The system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities. |
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Nuclear Family |
The kinship unit of mother, father, and children. |
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Descent Group |
A kinship group in which primary relationships are traced through certain blood relatives |
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Lineage |
A type of descent group that traces genealogical connection through generationsby linking persons to a founding ancestor. |
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Clan |
A type of descent group based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lacking genealogical documentation. |
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Affinal Relationship |
A kinship relationship established through marriage and/or alliance, not through biology or common descent. |
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Affinal Relationship |
A kinship relationship established through marriage and/or alliance, not through biology or common descent. |
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Marriage |
A socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance. |
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Arranged Marriage |
Marriage orchestrated by the families of the involved parties. |
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Companionate Marriage |
Marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation. |
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Companionate Marriage |
Marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation. |
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Polygyny |
Marriage between one man and two or more women. |
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Companionate Marriage |
Marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation. |
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Polygyny |
Marriage between one man and two or more women. |
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Polyandry |
Marriage between one woman and two or more men. |
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Companionate Marriage |
Marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation. |
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Polygyny |
Marriage between one man and two or more women. |
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Polyandry |
Marriage between one woman and two or more men. |
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Monogamy |
A relationship between only two partners. |
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Companionate Marriage |
Marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation. |
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Polygyny |
Marriage between one man and two or more women. |
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Polyandry |
Marriage between one woman and two or more men. |
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Monogamy |
A relationship between only two partners. |
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Incest Taboo |
Cultural rules that forbid sexual relations with certain close relatives. |
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Companionate Marriage |
Marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation. |
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Polygyny |
Marriage between one man and two or more women. |
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Polyandry |
Marriage between one woman and two or more men. |
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Monogamy |
A relationship between only two partners. |
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Incest Taboo |
Cultural rules that forbid sexual relations with certain close relatives. |
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Exogamy |
Marriage to someone outside the kinship group. |
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Companionate Marriage |
Marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation. |
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Polygyny |
Marriage between one man and two or more women. |
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Polyandry |
Marriage between one woman and two or more men. |
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Monogamy |
A relationship between only two partners. |
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Incest Taboo |
Cultural rules that forbid sexual relations with certain close relatives. |
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Exogamy |
Marriage to someone outside the kinship group. |
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Endogamy |
Marriage to someone within the kinship group |
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Bridewealth |
The gift of goods or money from the groom’s family to the bride’s family as part of the marriage process. |
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Dowry |
The gift of goods or money from the bride’s family to the groom’s family as part of the marriage process. |
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Family of Orientation |
The family group in which one is born, grows up, and develops life skills. |
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Family of Orientation |
The family group in which one is born, grows up, and develops life skills. |
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Family of Procreation |
The family group created when one reproduces and within which one rears children. |
