Anthro Midterm 1

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Modern Synthesis

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Fusion of mendelian generics with darwinian evolution, which forms the unified theory of evolution

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Gradualism

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Theory that profound change is the result of many slow, continuous processes, a polar opposite to catastrophism.

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Punctuated equilibrium

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Theory that once species appear in the fossil record, they will become stable, showing little to no evolution of traits. This state is called stasis.

Significant change is usually restricted to cladogenisis, where one species rapidly especiates.

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Homozygous

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In diploid (2-chromosome) organisms, a homozygous allele pair is one that contains 2 genetically identical alleles.

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Heterozygous

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In diploid (2-chromosome) organisms, a heterozygous allele pair is one that contains 2 genetically distinct alleles.

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Allele

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One of two or more forms of a single gene. They arise through mutation. A single allele will be located at the same spot in the chromosome of two different organisms of the same species.

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Genotype

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Heritable genetic identity

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Phenotype

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Gene expression present in an organism, deriving from it's genotype

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Gene

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Basic unit of heredity; constructed from DNA, compose alleles.

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Zygote

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Eaukaryotic cell formed by fertilization between two gametes. The genome of the zygote is a combination of the DNA in each gamete, and forms all of the information necessary to construct a new individual.

The earliest development stage of multicellular organisms.

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Gamete

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Haploid cell (contains ONE allele) that fuses with another gamete to form a zygote.

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Locus

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A fixed point on a chromosome, such as the location of a gene.

A diploid cell containing two alleles at the same locus are homozygous in respect to that gene. Ones that do not contain the same allele at that locus are heterozygous in respect to that gene.

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Chromosome

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DNA molecule containing, in part or whole, the encoded genome of an organism.

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Diploid

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A cell that contains two copies of each chromosome.

Humans are diploid organisms.

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Meiosis

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Cell division which reduces the number of chromosomes by half, producing four haploid cells.All four of these meiotic

cells.

cells.

All four of these meiotic

All four of these meiotic

All four of these meiotic products can be used form gametes, which fuse to form a zygote during the process of fertilization.

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Haploid

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A cell containing half the usual number of chromosomes. Formed during meiosis.

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Mitosis

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Part of the cell cycle where replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.

Preceeded by S stage of interphase (replication), succeeded by cytokenisis (formation of two distinct cells)

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DNA

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DeoxyRibonucleicAcid

Chain of nucleotides carrying genetic information

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DNA nitrogenous base pairs

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Cytosine : Guanine

Cytosine : GuanineAdenine : Thymine

Adenine : Thymine

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Directional selection

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Mode of natural selection where an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing allele frequency to shift in favor of that phenotype.

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Normalizing selection

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Fitness decreases with more extreme alleles, reducing their frequency and increasing the frequency of alleles that are closer to the center of the distribution

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Balancing selection

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Multiple alleles are actively maintained in the gene pool

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Recombination

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The production of offspring which has different traits than either of the parents

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Crossing over

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The exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes that results in recombination in chromosomes during sexual reproduction

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Segregation

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The law of segregation states that for every trait there exist two alleles, which separate during meiosis, such that each gamete contains only one of the alleles

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Sex-linked trait

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A trait associated with a gene that is only carried by either the male or female parent.

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Genetic drift

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Change in frequency of an allele from random chance; normally neutral mutations.

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Gene flow

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The transfer of genes or alleles from one population to another, such as the migration of birds.

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Sociobiology

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The study of how natural selection impacts human social behaviors

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Direct fitness

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An individuals fitness

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Indirect fitness

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The effects an individual has on the fitness of it's relatives

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Inclusive fitness

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Absolute ability to propegate genes to the next generation

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Kin selection

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Evolutionary strategy that favors the reproductive success of an individuals relatives over everything else, including it's own reproductive success and life.

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Coefficient of relatedness

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Chance that a relative contains alleles that an individual has (1/2 ^ distance)