Anthro Midterm #2

Front 1

Things that make us Human

Back 1

Culture, Tools & Technology
Language & Symbolic Thinking
Art, Religion, Large Brain Size, Large Brain Size, Bipedalism
Reproductive Biology

Front 2

Mosaic Evolution

Back 2

Different functional systems evolving at different times (Bipedalism before Brain evolution)

Front 3

Traits we share with other primates

Back 3

culture, use of tools, eating meat and hunting/sharing food, communication with language

Front 4

Culture

Back 4

Learned behaviors transmitted across generations by non-genetic means.

Front 5

Our LCA (last common ancestor) with chimps & gorillas:

Back 5

-lived in trees and on ground
-omnivorous diet (fruits and meat)
-Complex Social System (social, learning, communication system)
-Tool Use

Front 6

Huxley (with comparative anatomy)

(1825-1895)

Back 6

Linking Humans with living great apes

Front 7

Raymond Dart (1924)

Back 7

-Discovered Taung in South Africa
-Defined Hominin by Bipedalism

Front 8

Taung

Back 8

A Bipedal Ape that had a small brain

Front 9

Hominini (tribe)

(5-7 mill years old)

Back 9

-member of the subfamily Hominae
-Defined by Bipedal adaptation and later Encephalization, reduced canines, complex tool use and culture (mosaic)

Front 10

Skeletal Chenges Associated with Bipedalism

Back 10

Head, Spine, Pelvis, Knee Joint, Feet and Hand

Front 11

Consequences of Bipedalism

Back 11

-Back Pain in Lumbar region
-Birth Complications
-Underdeveloped Infants (secondary Altriciality)

Front 12

Bipedalism Advantages

Back 12

-long distance travelling
-able to carry things and manipulate things
- Improved Vantage Point and view
-Effective Displays

Front 13

Bipedalism Disadvantages

Back 13

-birth more dificult
-lower back pain
-infant clinging

Front 14

Why Bipedal?
Ideas:

Back 14

-Seed Eating Hypothesis
-Demographic Dilemma
- Temp regulation
-energy efficiency

Front 15

Seed Eating Hypothesis
(Jolly 1970)

Back 15

must be able to reach seeds and nuts, stand upright, Bipedalism, Manual Dexterity & Enlarged Molars
-Problems: not likely to rely on seeds

Front 16

Demographic Dilemma
(Lovejoy 1981)

Back 16

-Evironmental Change, Reduced Birth Spacing, Increased Male Involvement
-Problems: too K-Selected for that, Too many dependant Offspring

Front 17

Temperature Regulation
(Wheeler 1991)

Back 17

-Evironment changes. Bipedalism reduces heat stress
-Problem: the evironment of early bipedal was in woodlands instead of savannas so not too hot

Front 18

Energetic Efficiency
(Rodman and McHenry 1980)

Back 18

-Climate change, old knuckle walking was inefficient (body prop), more endurance=farther distances

Front 19

Artifacts

Back 19

Objects made or modified for use by hominids

Front 20

Features

Back 20

Immovable residue of human occupation (ex ash pit)

Front 21

Zinjanthropus Cranium (OH5)
(1959(

Back 21

Mary Leakey and Olduvai Gorge
dates 1.8 mill years ago

Front 22

Taphonomy

Back 22

The study of how bones and other materials came to be buried in the earth and preserved as fossils

Front 23

Radiometric Dating (K/Ar)
(Absolute)

Back 23

-Potassium/Argon (& Argon/Argon):K40 decays-->Ar40
-Halflife = 1.23 bill years
-40Ar/39Ar for more recent
-Only Inorganic Material (Volcanics)

Front 24

Carbon-14 (Radiocarbon) Dating

Back 24

-measures 14C
-Half Life = 5,730 years
-Used for less than 75,000 years (more accurate >40,000)
-Organic Materials

Front 25

Paleomagnetism

Back 25

-Dating Method using reversals of polar magnetism
-sometimes provides mult dates
-Only Inorganic Materials

Front 26

Biostratigraphy/Faunal Analysis

Back 26

-compares animal remains between sites
-shows wide distribution of species like pigs or rodents

Front 27

OLD VIEW Number of Species

Back 27

Human evolution with relatively few species and fairly linear pattern

Front 28

NEW VIEW # of Species

Back 28

Human evolution is extremely COMPLICATED and very species rich

Front 29

Paleoecology

Back 29

-setting the environmental context for a fossil.
-types of animals, plants at the site

Front 30

Sahelanthropus Tchadensis

Back 30

Discovered: 2001, Toros-Menalla Chad
-7myo
-small brain, big brows, cranial crest, small face, inferior FM, anterior dent

Front 31

Orrorin Tugenesis (mill man)

Back 31

-Discovered: 2001, Tugen Hills, Kenya
-6myo
-little cranial material. femur indicates biped
-Ape dentition

Front 32

Ardipithecus Ramidus

Back 32

-Discovered: 1992 Aramis, Ethiopia by tim white and berhan asfaw
-4.4myo
-woodland environment
-intense evolution qualities

Front 33

Australopithecine Radiation

Back 33

-southern apes
-4.5myo-1myo

Front 34

Homo Habilis

Back 34

named by Louis Leakey 1964
-fossils from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

-2.4-1.4myo

Front 35

Homo Erectus

Back 35

Discovered: 1891 Eugene Dubois
-1.8myo-50,000yo
-Africa & Asia

Front 36

Herto

Back 36

Ethiopia
-2adults 1child
-160,000yo, predates neandertals

Front 37

Skhul & Qafzeh

Back 37

Isreal
-110,000-115,000 yo
-20 indvids

Front 38

Race?

Back 38

-species, nationality, religious identity, enthnic/cultural group
-biomeaning: Sub-Species
-biological determinism

Front 39

"Classic" Races
(Blumenbach)

Back 39

-caucasoid, negroid, mongoloid, american indian, australoid

Front 40

Eugenics
(Francis Galton 1822-1911)

Back 40

the philosophy of "race improvement"; idea that controlled selective breeding can improve the human species
-->(Nazi idea of racial purity)

Front 41

Problems with concept of race describing human biological variation:

Back 41

-Biological vs social concepts of race
-race shouldn't be used because of misuse or abuse of the term in the past

Front 42

Sub-Species

Back 42

Must Be:
-geographically distinct
-discrete variation
-genetically distinct

Front 43

Humans= polytypic species

Back 43

different traits=different groupings=choice is arbitrary

-most racial traits with continuous variation