Anthro Final Exam Prep

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Religion

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a set of rituals rationalized by myth

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creation myths are

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universal

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the practice of religion

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-participation in religious ceremonies

-brings sense of personal transcendence, reassurance, security

-creates a feeling of closeness to fellow participants

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all religions have

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supernatural beings and powers

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Hallmark of religion

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belief in supernatural beings and forces

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3 types of supernatural beings and forces believed by religions

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1) Gods and Goddesses

2) ancesteral spirits (spirit is freed at death)

3) spiritual beings (animism)

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animism

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belief in spirit beings thought to animate nature

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collection of gods=

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pantheon of gods (polytheistic, monotheistic)

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animatism

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belief in interpersonal supernatural powers

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myths

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sacred narratives explaining how the world came to be in its present form

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Claude Levi Strauss

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french anthropologist famous for researching myths

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fastest growing faith community in the world

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islam

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priests and priestesses

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-full-time religious specialists

-members of a recognized religious organization

-source of power is the institution they represent

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Shamans

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-part time religous specialists dealing with supernatural

-acquire power individually

-act on behalf of clients

-can heal

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Religion in action

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-means by which persons relate to the sacred

-serve several functions

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two major types of rituals

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-rites of passage

-rites of intensification

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rites of passage

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ritual that marks important transitions of life eg: birth, marriage.

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rites of intensification

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ritual that marks group occassions

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anthropologists don't separate magic from _____________

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religion

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magic

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-attempts to control the supernatural

-magical practices are often a part of religious rituals

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western culture and magic rituals

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eg: sports rituals, step on a crack, knock on wood

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sir James Frazier

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one of the first anthropologists to study magic

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2 kinds of magic

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-imitative magic

-contagious magic

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imitative magic

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like producing like eg: voodoo dolls, draw a pic of an animal and show how you kill it (arrow)

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contagious magic

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based on the principle that being once in contact can influence another after separation (hair, nail clippings)

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witchcraft

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belief that individuals may possess psychic powers

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Ibibio witchcraft

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-misfortune due to witches

-substance provides power

-may be used unintentionally

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neo-paganism

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-modern pagan religions are reffered to collectively as neopaganism

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wicca

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one of the better known neo-pagan religions

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reconstructionist religions

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modern day revivals of ancient pagan religions

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functions of religions

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-provides an orderly model of the universe

-sanctions a wide range of conduct

-sets precedents for acceptable bahaviour

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revitalization movement

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-deliberate efforts to construct a more satisfying culture

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2 types of art

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-high art or fine art

-popular art

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high art or fine art

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done by fully trained artistic professionals (expensive)

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popular art

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art anyone can do eg: craft fairs

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purposes of art in other cultures

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-political

-expressed cultural identity eg: tattoos

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artistic behaviour is basic to all human

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expression

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anthropologists examine how people express their _________, __________, and _____________ through art

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social

structure

cultural patterns

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no word for _____ in aboriginal languages

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art

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aboriginal art

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-encompasses all the aboriginal cultural experience

-incorporates the continuity from past to present

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folklore

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verbal art

-19th century term referring to European peasant oral traditions

-not used by anthropologists today because of implications that it is not fine art

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Folkloristics

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study of folklore allied to, but separate from anthropology

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3 types of narratives

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myths

legends

tales

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myths

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-provide a rationale for religious beliefs and practices

-expresses part of a people's world view

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legends

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-stories told as true and set in the post creation world

-no known author

-exists in multiple versions

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tales

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fictive narratives for entertainment

-illustrates local solutions to universal ethical problems (3 little pigs)

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Motif

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- story situation in a tale

-similar motifs often widespread but have local variations

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poetry

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bedouins

words of songs

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drama

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poetry and stories recited with gesture movement and props

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ethnomusicology

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-study of music in its cultural setting (drum is most common instrument)

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music

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nonverbal communication; transmits emotions rather than ideals

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Rhythm

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-European music uses melodic lines based on 12 equal steps

-arabic/ east indian= 24

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functions of music

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-assists communication with spiritual world

-furthers political agendas

-powerful identifier of background

-affects emotional states

-entertainment

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visual art

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conveys political, cultural and social messages

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2 forms of visual art

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-representational (imitating nature)

-abstract (basic patterns of nature, based on culture)

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Canadian visual art

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-wide variety of artistic expressions

-trends over past century

-first nations art forms

-inuit art

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petroglyphs

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a rock carving (carving done on rock)

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pictographs

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paintings on rock

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body art

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-an ancient custom that takes many forms

-creates sense of communication

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applied anthropology

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-the application of anthro data, perspective theory and methods

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biological anthropologists

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work in public health, nutrition, genetic counceling, substance abuse, epidemiology

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applied archaeologists

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locate, study and preserve prehistoric and historic sites threatened by development

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cultural anthropology

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work with social workers, buisness people, advertising professionals

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linguistic anthropologist

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frequent work with schools in districts with various languages

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3 views of applied anthropology

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-the ivory tower

-the schizoid view

-the advocacy view

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the ivory tower applied anthropology view

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view contends that anthropologists should avoid practical matters and focus on research

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the schizoid applied anthropology view

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view that anthropologists should carry out, but not make or criticize policy

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the advocacy applied anthropology view

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argues that since anthropologists are experts on human problems and social change they should make policy affecting people

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the baby formula controversy

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Nestle linked between advertising physical and psychological advantages versus reality of women in developed nations

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disability studies

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-disability community is broad and diverse

-applied anthropologists contribute to the needs of the disabled as a separate cultural group

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Salvage archaeology

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-Cultural resource management

-CRM employs 70% of all archaeologists in NA

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heritage conservation act

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protects archaeological sites after 1840s

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development anthroplogy

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-need variable skills to assess impacts from large projects

-often work in teams and come from different subfields

-case of china's three gorges hydroelectric dam

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ecotourism

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-have people come into your are and leave without any negative effects

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museology

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anthropologists that are trained for museums

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museology

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anthropologists that are trained for museums

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ultimate source for change is _____

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innovation

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primary innovations or inventions

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is an accident or a chance discovery eg: pottery

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secondary innovations or deliberate applications

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trying to invent things eg: man on the moon

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innovation

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-factors of adoption

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diffusion

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-spread of customs or practices between cultures

-borrowed elements

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cultural loss

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-change due to disappearance of a cultural trait

-eg: middle east chariots and carts replaced by camels because they are better in sand

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3 factors of change

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1) innovation

2) diffusion

3) cultural loss.