Anthro Exam 2

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Naturalization

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usually refers to social processes that make a life underpinned by labor seem unquestionable, inevitable, and even desirable.

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What is race

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Not a valid biological construct, but a cultural construct racialization

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Racialization

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ethnicization is the process of ascribing ethnic or racial identities to a relationship, social practice, or group that did not identify itself as such.

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Kinship- what is it, define it

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relationships based on blood and marriage are culturally recognized by all societies.

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vertical of kinship

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vertical function - provides social continuity by binding together a number of successive generations.

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descent groups and characteristics

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have a strong sense of identity.

Often share communally held property.

Provide economic assistance to one another.

Engage in mutual civic and religious ceremonies.

Regulate marriage

Basis for political unit

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two types of decent: unilineal

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trace their ancestry through mother’s line or father’s line, but not both (60%).

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Horizontal function -

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solidify or tie together a society across a single generation through marriage

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Cognatic descent

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Includes double descent, ambilineal descent, and bilateral descent

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PATRILINEAL DESCENT

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most common unilineal descent group.

Male members trace their descent from a common male ancestor.

A man, his children, his brother’s children, and his son’s children are all members of the same descent group.

Females must marry outside their patrilineages.

A woman’s children belong to the husband’s lineage rather than her own.Authority over the children lies with the father or his elder brothe

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group of relatives who claim to be descended from a single ancestor

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clan

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lineage

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group composed of relatives who are directly descended from known ancestors

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endogamy

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mariage within a particular group or category of individuals

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Exogamy

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marriage outside the group

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double descent

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individuals receive some rights and obligations from the father’s side of the family and others from the mother’s side.

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Affiliates a person to a kin group through either the male or the female lineage

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ambilineal descent

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Individuals equally emphasize their mother’s kin and their father’s kin

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Bilateral descent

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A group consisting of one or more parents and dependent offspring, which may include a stepparent, stepsiblings, and adopted children

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nuclear family

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A collection of nuclear families, related by ties of blood, that live in one household

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extended family

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religion

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an organized system of ideas about spiritual reality, or the supernatural, along with associated beliefs and ceremonial practices.

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which also concerns the supernatural, involves less formalized spiritual beliefs and practices and is often individual rather than collective

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spirituality,

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Sanctions a wide range of conduct by providing notions of right and wrong. •Sets standards for acceptable behavior and helps perpetuate an existing social order.•Lifts burden of decision making from individuals and places responsibility with god.•Plays a role in maintaining social solidarity

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SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION

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-help individual through major social transitions in their life- birth, puberty, marriage, parenthood, advancement to a higher class, occupational specialization, and death

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Rites of Passage

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- ritual that takes place during a crisis in the life of the group and serves to bind individuals together

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•Rites of Intensification

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the ritual removal of the individual from society

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rites of separation

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•Rites of transition

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isolation of the individual following separation and prior to incorporation into society

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reincorporation of the individual into society in his or her new state

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Rites of incorporation-

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an archaeologist might attempt to

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study material remains to reconstruct past cultures.

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Besides being interested in descriptions of particular cultures, the cultural anthropologist is interested

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cross-cultural comparisons

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in doing fieldwork, an anthropologist often relies on___________________ to achieve their research goals

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all the above

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the people they study

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primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is

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an ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize

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all of the above

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The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called

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linguistic anthropology

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the process of learning culture from a very young age is cal

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enculturation

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culture shock

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______ is one of the challenging mental aspects of doing fieldwork

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everyday interactions

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if you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus

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As part of your job, you may study the frequency of blood types in human populations, or watch the behavior of monkeys and apes, or dig for early homininbones in East Africa. You are a/an

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physical anthropologist.

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integrated

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Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is

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holistic perspective

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anthropologists doing fieldworktypically involve themselves in many different experiences. They try to investigate not just one aspect of culture (such as the political system) but how all aspects relate to each other (for example, how the political system fits with economic institutions, religious beliefs, etc.). This approach is called the __________ perspectiv

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functionalism

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The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society (i.e. what does it do for me...) is called

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anthropology is

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the study of humankind everywhere, throughout time.

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psychical anthro

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Another name for the subfield of biological anthropology that is concerned with humans as biological organismsis

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The process by which organisms adjust beneficially to their environment, or the characteristics by which they overcome hazards and gain access to the resources they need to survive, is called

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adaptation.

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culture

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Humans' majoror primary mode of adaptation,which enables them to live effectively in diverse environments,is

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Culture/cultural models/cultural frame work help us make sense of the world because

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they provide a pattern for one’s own behavior and interpreting others’ actions

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engaged

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A word that best describes participant observation

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this type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants

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participant observation

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people from Western cultures who try to eliminate various practices among people from other cultures should take a class in cultural anthropology to realize the possible effects they might be having on those cultures. They would realize that culture is an integrated and interrelated whole, which means

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if you alter one aspect of a culture, you can drastically affect and possibly endanger the functioning of the whole.

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____ refers to a linguistic situation where two varieties of the same language are spoken by the same person at different times and under different social situations.

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Diglossia

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_____ is the system of notation and analysis of postures, facial expressions, and bodily motions that convey

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Kinesics

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belonging to a group with a particular history and social status

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What is ethnicity

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A preformed, usually unfavorable, opinion(based on stereotypes)about people who are different is

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prejudice

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racism

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What is an important factor in making race real

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is a concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate difference

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race

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negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is called

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discrimination

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the social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings is called

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rationalization

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_ is the abandonment of an existing practice or trait, with or without replacement.

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cultural loss

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The US government’s prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to

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language death/language loss/culture loss

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What are the factors or patterns that may affect diffusion

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.Selectivity, reciprocity, modification,and likelihood

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development anthropologists often think of themselves

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advocates of poor and marginalized people

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Promoters of globalization highlight which of the following?

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more open a country is to foreign trade, the better the economy will be

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_____ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries

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migrants

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gender variance

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expressions of sex and gender that diverge from the male and female norms

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all of the following are true about biological sex except

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biological sex is always linked to gender

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Margret mead

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first scientist to differentiate between sex and gender

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Economic anthropologists study

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all of the above

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According to anthropologists, economies are shaped by which factors

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all of the above

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Mother nature” and “natural resources” are a good examples of

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metaphors of human–nature interaction

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gender and age

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All societies divide labor by these criteria

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informal economy

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/An _________ occurs when production of marketable commodities escapes regulation, enumeration, or any other form of public monitoring

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Goods and services are allocated

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reciprocity, redistribution and market exchange/market economy

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the simplest mode of distribution is ______________

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reciprocity,

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What do environmental anthropologists study

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all of the above

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which of the following is a key argument of ethnobiologist Brent Berlin, who compared human classification system

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human classification systems are reflective of an underlying cognitive structure of the human brain that organizes information in systematic ways

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Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?

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scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claim

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the household

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most non-industrial societies the main unit of production is

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What relationship between nature and human does Western thought emphases

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oppositional

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sustainable development for indigenous people involves which of the following elements

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all of the above

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neolithic

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humans started producing their own food during the ____________transition/revolution

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Foodways” describes a perspective that approaches food

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all of the above

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Intensive cultivation, relying more on animal power and technology defines

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agriculture

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the use of only hand tools combined with slash and burn cultivation

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horticulture

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type of food getting/subsistence strategy has accounted for about 99% of our human history

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hunting and gathering/food collecting/food foraging

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Members of these groups is have no concept of property rights and move to take advantage of seasonal change

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hunters and gatherers

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his type of pastoralism, or movement pattern, is practiced when the men take the herd to better grazing land while the rest of the people remain in the settlement

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transhumanance

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Why do foragers turn to agriculture

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increased population density causes too much competition for resource

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Richard Lee (in The Hunters: Scarce Resources in the Kalahari) feels that the key to successful subsistence for many hunter-gatherers, such as the !Kung

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dependence largely on a diet of edible plants

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in his article on the !Kung, R. Lee claims that when he studied them in the 1960s

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enjoyed a large amount of leisure time

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Why was meat eating important for human evolution

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provides high-quality protein for human brain development

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Eating practices can be an indicator

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all of the above

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Food security refers to

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access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active

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Foodways are subject to large-scale industrial processes, trade relationships, and trends, suggesting that they are

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dynamic

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A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality

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environmental justice

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Analyses that focus on the linkages between political-economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction are typical of which approach

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political ecology

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throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in a way that is supportive of population size, a practice referredto as

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carrying capacity

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disease

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scientific

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illness

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feeling