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204 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Religion
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Beliefs and actions related to supernatural beings and forces
As far as we know, only humans have it. Some like the word "supernaturalism" instead of "religion" |
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How religious beliefs are expressed
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-myth
-doctrine |
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Worldview
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A way of understanding how the world came to be, its design, and one's place with in it. Broader concept, does not include criterion of a supernatural realm.
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Magic
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The attempt to compel supernatural forces and beings to act in certain ways
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Animism
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The belief in souls or "doubles"
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Two principles of magic
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The law of similarity (imitative magic)
The law of contagion (contagious magic) Defined by James Frazer |
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The law of similarity
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A principle of magic
If person or item X is like person or item Y, then actions done to person or item X will affect item Y. ex. Voodoo doll |
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Law of contagion
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Persons or things once in conact with a person can still have an effect on that person.
Common items include hair trimmings, nail clippings, spit, etc. People become careful about disposing of personal waste so no spirits can get a hold of them. |
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Myth
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Beliefs expressed indirectly in stories
Informal learning Malinowsky says that it s a charter for society in that it expresses core beliefs and teaches morality. Lévi-Strauss says that myths are functional in a philosophical and psychological way |
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Common themes in myths
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Dualism! Male/female, lightness/darkness/ culture/nature, cooked/raw
Often a mediator. A trickster figure or a sphynx, twilight (oh noooo), a creature that is half-human, something rotten |
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Epics
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Longer than myths
Often related to heroic deeds and battles Emerged during growth and expansion of states (Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome) Related to political expansion and territorial claims. |
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Doctrine
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Direct and formalized statements about religious belifs
Can and do change! Papal infallability can declare that, say, the Assumption of Mary is doctrine. |
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Characteristics of supernaturals
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Formless: animatism, mana
With form: anthropomorphic and zoomorphic deities |
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Animatism
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Belief in general, all-pervasive power. A belief system in which the supernatural is conceived of as an impersonal power
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Mana
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A concept widespread throughout the South Pacific. A force outside nature that works autoatically; it is neither spiriut nor diety. It manifests itself in objects and people and is associated with personal status and power, because some people accumulate more of it than others
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Sacred space
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Probably exists in all religions, but more prominent in some relitions than others.
The Saami, traditional religious beliefs closely tied to sacred natural sites |
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Khatam quran
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The "sealing" or reading of the Qu'ran among Muslim women throughout the world. Involves a gathering of women who read the Quu'ran and then share a ritual meal. Reason for gathering is to give thanks or seek divine blessing
A nonsacred space becomes sacred during the ritual. |
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Conflicts about sacred space
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Aboriginal sacred space in Australia, can only be known by women. They could tell the anthropologist, but the anthropologist couldn't tell the male judge
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Ritual
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A patterned form of behavior that is focused on the supernatural realm.
*Note: I hate this definition. Many are enactments of beliefs expressed in myth and doctrine. |
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Ngarrindjeri
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A group of aboriginal women in Australia. Hired a cultural anthropologist to consult them in supporting claims to a sacred site.
High commission by the government said that their claim was a hoax. Diane Bell prepared reports for the courtroom that were general enough to avoid violating the women's only knowledge but detailed enough to convince the High Court judge that the sacred knowledge was authentic |
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Life-cycle ritual
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A ritual performed to mark a change in status from one life stage to another of an individual or group; also called a rite of passage
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Ganesha
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Zoomorphic elephant god of Hinduism
One broken tusk, usually a rat nearby, likes a special kind of round sweet. Story: Saw his mom having sex, dad got mad and chopped off his head, mom got mad and dad had to go out and find another head for his son, only one he could find was that of an elephant. |
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Types of rituals
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Life-cycle rituals
Pilgrimage Rituals of reversal or inversion Sacrifice Periodic rituals |
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Stages of life-cycle rituals
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Separation
Transition Reintegration |
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Examples of two periodic rituals
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-bathing in the Ganges at certain times of the year in India
-Carnival, Sardinia |
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Ritual of inversion
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A ritual in which normal social roles and order are temporarily reversed
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Sacrifice
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A ritual in which something is offered to the supernaturals
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World religions
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A term coined in the nineteenth century to refer to religions that had many followers, that crossed state borders, and that exhibited other features such as a concern with salvation.
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Priest/priestess
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Male or female full-time religious specialist whose position is based mainly on abilities gained through formal training
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Shaman/shamanka
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A part-time religious specialist who gains status through a direct relationship with the supernatural, often by being "called". May be recognized by special signs.
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Religious syncretism
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Blending of aspects of two or more religions into new form
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Religious pluralism
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When one or more religions co-exist together as either complementary to each other or as competitive systems
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Diviners
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Specialists who can discover the will and wishes of the supernaturals through techniques such as reading animal entrails, palms,a nd tarot cards
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Prophets
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Specialists who convey divine realtions gained through visions or dreams, often possessing charisma
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Etic view on Aztec cannibalism
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Aztec empire lacked usfficient amount sof animal resources of protein to satisfy its growing population. Rulers neded to support and retain the loyalty of army to protect and expand the empire's boundaries.
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Emic view on Aztec cannibalism
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Followed religious logic and symbolism
Practiced to satisfy the gods' hunger, not human hunger Gods require blood sacrifice in order for universe to continue to operate. Part of a religious identiification with the gods, just as people wore skins of victims to participate in their sacrifice |
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Proselytizing
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To seek converts. Common among Christianity and Islam
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Worship of Hindu dieties
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Involves lighting a lamp in front of a god, chanting nymns and mantras, ad taking darshan (sight of) the diety. These acts bring blessings to the worshipper.
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The Nayars
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From Kerala, South India.
Women paint a sacred design of intertwined serpents on the floor. Light camphor flame, incense,a nd flowers. Music from dumming, cymbals, and singing. Presence of diety is achieved when one woman goes into a trance Reminder for families and lineage members of their responsibilities for each other |
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karma
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Translated as "destiny" or "fate". Mark of how one's previous life was lived. Some pray, some go to councelers.
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Three classes of Shan tatoos
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-tattoos that act on other people, causing themt o be like or fear the bearer, and cause the spirits to be kind (red)
-tatoos that act on the bearer, increasing skill (red) -tatoos that create a barrier around the person that prevents animals from biting, knives from cutting, and bullets (blue/black) blend of magic and Biddhism and Hinduism |
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Five Buddha tattoo
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Not allowed for Shan women
Men have to follow five buddhist precepts at all times: refrain from killing, stealing, improper sexual behavior, lying, and intoxication. Red tatoo, but also includes exfoliated skin from a Buddhist monk |
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Saraswati tatoo
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Depicts the head of Saraswati, the Hindu goddest of knowledge, on the shoulder. Among Shan buddhists
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Kotel
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The Western Wall in Jerusalem
Where Abraham was asked to sacrifice Isaac. King Solomon built the First Temple there. Creates a communita out of individual diversity |
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Jewish/Hindu synchetism
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Western/European passover is joyout and time of feasting. The Kochi version is austere.
Koche allows no role for children. (In hinduism, children do not have solo roles) Kochi seder stresses purity even more than standard Jewish requirements |
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Protestants in Apalachia
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Footwashing ceremony
Snake handling/speaking in tongues! |
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Last Supper in Fiji
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Have a communal feast, with kava drinking.
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Hui Muslims of Xi'an, China
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Several challenges:
Diet: Differences about Pork...forbidden for Muslims, but essential for Chinese diet Alcohol is even more impure than pork, causes conflict when it brings in more money |
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Food that the Qu'ran prohibits
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-animals that have not been consecrated to God and properly slaughtered
-blood -pork -alcohol |
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Features of African religions
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-myths about a rupture that once occurred between creator diety and humans
-a pantheon that includes a high god and many secondary supernaturals ranging from powerful gods to lesser spirits -elaborate inituation rituals -rituals involving animals sacrifices and other offerings, meals, and dances -altars within shrines as focal places where humans and dieties meat -close links with healing |
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Ras Tafari
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Rastafarians refuse to be counted
A protest religion that only shares a few features of African religions mentioned No organized set of doctrines or written texts Ethiopia is heaven on earth, Haile Selassis is a living god, and all Blacks will be ablet o return to the homeland. Very strong in jamaica. |
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Revitalization movements
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A religious movement, usually organized by a prophetic leader, that seeks to construc a more satisfying stuation by reviving all or parts of a religion that has been threatened by outside forces or by adopting new practices and beliefs
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Cargo cults
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A form of revitalization movement that emerged in Melanesia and New Zealand, in response to Western and Japanese influences.
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Expressive culture
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behavior and beliefs related to art, leisure, and play
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Art
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The application of imagination, skill, and style to matter, movement, and sound that goes beyond what is purely practical
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ethno-esthetics
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Cultural definitions of what art is
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Aesthetic guidelines about what is art among the Yorúbà of Nigeria
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-should be depicted midway between complete abstraction and complete realism, so they resemble "somebody" but no one in particular
-humans should be depicted at their optimal physical peak, not in infancy or old age -line and form should have clarity -should have quality of luminosity achieved through apolished surface and play of incisions and shadows -should exhibit symmetry |
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John Chernoff study of drumming in Ghana
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Had to learn more than just drumming - had to learn the culture around drumming, wht to drink while drumming, etc etc.
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Studies of artists in cultural contexts often include
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-how they learn to be an artist
-their position in society -their agency or individual creativity |
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Ikat
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A cloth woven by women in East Suba. Style that includes a tie-dye process on their the warp or weft before the threads woven.
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Shikha
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A female performer who sings and dances at festivities including life-cycle ceremonies. From Morocco. Appear in a grup of three or four. Suggestive songs and body movements.
In private light, shikhat women are on the fringes, leading lives and single women who transgress limits applied to proper females |
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Three central themes in Israeli society that are expressed in the choice and presentation of souvenirs
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-Israel's attitudes toward its ancient and recent past
-Its view of religion and culture -Its approach to Arab Israelis and Palestinians |
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Ethnomusicology
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The cross-cultural study of music
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Música sertaneja
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Brazilian country music! Dent!
Change songs to make sense in BBrazilian context about gender relationships, intimacy, the family, the past, and the importance of the countryside |
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Dupla
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A duo of brothers in Brazilian country music
Look the same in hairstyles, dress, etc. Emphasize kinship and caring as important aspects of culture to be preserved |
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Theater
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A form of enactment, related to other forms such as dance, music, parades, competitive games and sports, and verbal art, that seeks to entertain through acting, movement, and sound
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Heterotopia
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The creation of an internally varied place by collecting things form diverse cultures and locations
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Museum
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An institution that collects, preserves, interprets, and displays objects on a regular basis
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Museum anthropology
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Concerned with studying how and why museums choose to collect and display particular objects.
Most of them want context for all objects on display and not just non-Western ones |
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Repatriation
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Returning art or other objects from museums to the people with whom they originated
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Wa
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A Japanese word meaning discipline and self-sacrifice for the good of the whole.
Connected to Japanese baseball, players seek to achieve and maintain team harmony |
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Play and leisure
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They often have no other direct, utilitarian purpose for the participant.
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Leisure
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More relaxed, less structured and formal than play
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Johan Huizinga's features of play
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-Play is unnecessary activitiy, and thus free action
-Play is outside of ordinary life -Play is closed and limited in terms of time -Play has rules -play contains chance and often tension |
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Model of a culture
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Geertz
Depicts basic ideals of a culture Applies to play/games |
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Models for a culture
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Geertz
Socializes people into certain values and ideals Applies to play/games |
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Fahombe
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Formerly a method of training warriros to leap over walls of enemy villages during a raid, demonstrates a man's readiness to marry. Popular sport in islands off Sumatra.
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Blood sports
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A form of competition that explicitly seeks to bring about a flow of blood, or even death.
Human/human, human/animal, and animal/animal. |
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Bhang
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A veberage made of blended milk, spices, almonds, and concentrated marijuana
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Sannyasi
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A Hindu holy man who renounces life in the mortal world. Studies under a guru and learns to follow a routine of discipline and yoga, and adheres to a diet to achieve control of body and its life force
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Three themes of Central-Southern rural folk music
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-Kinship/pairing
-Emotional relationships -The past, a simpler life |
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Tidal irrigation methods
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An irrigation method brought by enslaved people to the American south. Rice was a central part of African heritage, and knew how to plant it in swamps and stuff
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Gullah quilts and hand-woven nets
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Experts at net fishing, the nets are masterpieces of folk art
Textile arts include a form of quilting or sewing strips of cloth together to form a larger piece. |
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Gullah cuisine
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Combines African elemnts such as rice,yams, peas, okra, hot peppers, peanuts, watermelon, and seseme seeds, with Native American foods such as corn, squash, tomatoes, and berries.
Stews of seafood and veggies over rice. Rice is main focus of meals. |
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Sweetgrass baskets
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Focal point of conflict between Gullah cultural products and local economic developers who are destroying the land on which the sweetgrass grows.
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Elements of the Gullah culture in South Carolina that are in the Culturama box
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Tidal irrigation methods
Gullah quilts and hand-woven nets Gullah cuisine Sweetgrass baskets |
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Internal migration
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Population movement within state boundaries
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Transnational migration
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A form of population movement in which a person regularly moves between two or more countries and forms a new cultural identity transcending a single geopolitical unit
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Three differences that distinguish research on migration studies from other areas of cultural anthropology
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-Fieldwork experience in more tha none location
-Likely to use both macro and micro perspectives. -Tend to be involved in applied anthropology |
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Push-pull theory
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An explanation for rural-to-urban migration that emphasizes people's incentives to move based on a lack of opportunity in rural areas (push) compared to urban areas (the pull).
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International migration
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Moving to a different country
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Two perspectives on Haitans working sugar cane in the Dominican Republic
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Structurist position: The bracero system is neo-slavery and a clear violation of human rights
Human agency position: Braceros are not slaves because they migrate voluntarily |
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Remittance
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Transfer of money or goods by a migrant to his or her family back home
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Circular migration
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A regular pattern of population movement between two or ore places, either within or between countries
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Displaced person
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Someone who is forced to leave his/her home and community or country
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Refugee
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Someone who is forced to leave his or her home, community, or country
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Internally displaced person
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Someone who is forced to leave his or her home and community but who remains in the same country
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Wage labor migration
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People who migrate each year to work for a specific period of time. Thy do not intend to establish permanent residence and are often explicitly barred from doing so
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Development-induced displacement
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Forced migration due to development projects, such as dam building.
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Three Gorges Dam
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Will displace 2 million people. Chinese governments has not consulted with cultural anthropologists
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Maya genocide
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In Guatemala, suffered genocide during 36 years of war. 200k Maya disappeared, and about 250k Maya living as IDPs
K'iche' Maya resettle in new village, in early 80s men taken away |
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Institutional migrant
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A person who moved into a social institution (such as a school or prison), voluntary or involuntary
Involves monks and nuns, the elderly, prisoners, college students, and soldiers |
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New immigrant
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International migrant who has moved since the 1960s
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Military anthropology
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Understudied. Military need more in-depth training about how to communicate with local people about importance of respecting local cutures
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Boarding school girls in Ambanja, Madagascar
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Pretty girls experience bouts of spirit possession. Pattern is correlated with a girl being unmarried and pregnant. Such girls attract envy of other girls and school boys who are jealous of their older men who they are mistresses of.
In this context, possessions can be sign of distress. |
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Three trends of "new migration" that began in the 90s
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Globalization (more countries involved in migration)
Acceleration (growth in numbers of migrants) Feminization (women are growing percentage) |
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Chain migration
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Population movement in which a first wave of migrants come and then attracts relatives ans friends to join them in the destination
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Compadres
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Extended members of Dominican families such as cousins and ritual kin
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Business marriage
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In this technique, an individual seeking to migrate pays a legal immigrant or citizen a fee to contract a marriage. It is a union that is meant to eventually be broken.
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Bodega
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Retail businesses established by Dominicans. Many located in unsafe areas and some owners have been assaulted or killed.
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Mojados
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"wet-backs", aka poor Salvadorians entering the US illegally
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Data required to gather and manage basic information about pastoralixts' movements and nutritional needs
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-information on number of migrants and size of herds in particular locations at particular times
-information on patterns of migratory movements, so planners can move services to where people are rather than expecting people to move the services |
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Geographic information systems
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A computerized system to organize informatin into computer databases and linking ethnographical data
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Gegiow v. Uhl, 1915
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Case concerning Russian laborers seeking to enter the US. Only one spoke English and all had little money. Commissioner of immigration denied them entry because they were "likely to become public charges"
The relevent information deals with admission to the US, not to a particula city within it. And a commissioner of immigration is not empowered to make decisions about possible overstalking of labor |
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lifeboat mentalit
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Local resentment of an immigrant group because of perceived resource constraints
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Right of Return
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United Nations guarenteed right of refugees to repatriation
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Synchronic
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A "one-time" view of a culture that devotes little to no attention to its past. Where cultural anthro had its roots.
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Diachronic
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The analysis of culture across time. What the other three branches of anthro focus on, what cultural anth is moving towards.
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Development
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Directed change to achieve improved human welfare.
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Diffusion
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The spread of culture through contact
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Development anthropology
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The subfield within cultural anthropology of how culture and development interact. Has a strong applied component
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Acculturation
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A form of cultural change in which a minority culture becomes the more dominant culture
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Two basic processes that underly all cultural change
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-invention
-diffusion |
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Invention
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One of the processes that prompts cultural change. Internal. Printing press, gunpowder, Jeffersonian democracy
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Ways in which diffusion can occur
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1) Mutual borrowing, two societies that are roughly equal in power exchange aspects of their cultures
2) Transfer from a dominant culture to a less powerful culture. Can occur through force or education/marketing processes. 3) Cultural imperialism 4) Less powerful and oppressed cultural group provides sources of cultural change in dominant culture |
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High-yielding varieties
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Types of seeds that were promoted to farmers through the developing world as part of the Green Revolution that would feed the planet by boosting production per acre.
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Inputs required by Green Revolution
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1) Annual purchase of seeds
2) Heavy application of commercial fertilizers 3) Dependable irrigation sources Which meant that larger, better-off farmers could buy more land, and have more success, promoting social inequality. |
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People who benefit from HYV seeds
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-Companies that manufacture and sell the seeds
-Companies that manufacture and sell chemical fertilizers -Companies that manufacture and sell mechanized farm equipment -Wealthy farmers who can afford the inputs and risks |
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Modernization
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A model of change based on belief in the inevitable advance of science and Western secularism and processes, including industrial growth, consolidation of the state, bureaucratization, market economy, technological innovation, literacy, and options for social mobility
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Snowmobile disaster
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In 1950s, Saami of Finland had economy based on fishing and reindeer herding.
Using snowmobiles meant that heds no longer kept domesticated for part of the year, but roamed freely al year tand thus became wilder Introductiong of snowmobiles for herding also increased young men's dominance in herding. Before, it was a family operation. Dependence on outside cash economy - cash needed to repair and purchase, buy gasoline. |
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Social functions of reindeer for the Saami of Finland
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Food
Used as draft animals, esp. for hauling wood for fuel. Hides made into clothing, sinews for sewing. Key items of exchange. Parents give kid a reindeer to mark coming of its first tooth. Couple exchange reindeer when they become engaged. |
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Social impact assessments
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A study conducted to gauge potential social costs and benefits of particular innovations before change is undertaken.
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Two strategies in promoting economic growth in developing countries (in accordance with the trickle-down effect)
aka Growth-Oriented Development |
-Increasing economic productivity ad trade through modernized agriculture and manufacturing and participation in world markets.
-Reducing gov't expenditures on public services to reduce debt and reallocate resources to increase productivity. Called "structural adjustment" |
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Distributional development
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Emphasizes social equality and benefits, in terms of increased income, literacy, and health.
Says that structural adjustment policies undermine the welfare of the poor. |
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Human development
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Strategy that emphasizes investing in human welfare. Emphasizes need for improvements in human welfare in terms of health, education, and personal security and safety.
These investments lead to economic development (reverse not necessarily true) |
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Sustainable development
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Refers to forms of improvement that do not destroy nonrenewable resources and are financially supportable over time.
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Synchronic
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A "one-time" view of a culture that devotes little to no attention to its past. Where cultural anthro had its roots.
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Diachronic
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The analysis of culture across time. What the other three branches of anthro focus on, what cultural anth is moving towards.
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Development
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Directed change to achieve improved human welfare.
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Diffusion
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The spread of culture through contact
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Development anthropology
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The subfield within cultural anthropology of how culture and development interact. Has a strong applied component
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Acculturation
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A form of cultural change in which a minority culture becomes the more dominant culture
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Two basic processes that underly all cultural change
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-invention
-diffusion |
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Invention
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One of the processes that prompts cultural change. Internal. Printing press, gunpowder, Jeffersonian democracy
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Ways in which diffusion can occur
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1) Mutual borrowing, two societies that are roughly equal in power exchange aspects of their cultures
2) Transfer from a dominant culture to a less powerful culture. Can occur through force or education/marketing processes. 3) Cultural imperialism 4) Less powerful and oppressed cultural group provides sources of cultural change in dominant culture |
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High-yielding varieties
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Types of seeds that were promoted to farmers through the developing world as part of the Green Revolution that would feed the planet by boosting production per acre.
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Synchronic
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A "one-time" view of a culture that devotes little to no attention to its past. Where cultural anthro had its roots.
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Diachronic
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The analysis of culture across time. What the other three branches of anthro focus on, what cultural anth is moving towards.
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Development
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Directed change to achieve improved human welfare.
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Diffusion
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The spread of culture through contact
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Development anthropology
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The subfield within cultural anthropology of how culture and development interact. Has a strong applied component
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Acculturation
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A form of cultural change in which a minority culture becomes the more dominant culture
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Two basic processes that underly all cultural change
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-invention
-diffusion |
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Invention
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One of the processes that prompts cultural change. Internal. Printing press, gunpowder, Jeffersonian democracy
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Ways in which diffusion can occur
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1) Mutual borrowing, two societies that are roughly equal in power exchange aspects of their cultures
2) Transfer from a dominant culture to a less powerful culture. Can occur through force or education/marketing processes. 3) Cultural imperialism 4) Less powerful and oppressed cultural group provides sources of cultural change in dominant culture |
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High-yielding varieties
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Types of seeds that were promoted to farmers through the developing world as part of the Green Revolution that would feed the planet by boosting production per acre.
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Inputs required by Green Revolution
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1) Annual purchase of seeds
2) Heavy application of commercial fertilizers 3) Dependable irrigation sources Which meant that larger, better-off farmers could buy more land, and have more success, promoting social inequality. |
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People who benefit from HYV seeds
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-Companies that manufacture and sell the seeds
-Companies that manufacture and sell chemical fertilizers -Companies that manufacture and sell mechanized farm equipment -Wealthy farmers who can afford the inputs and risks |
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Modernization
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A model of change based on belief in the inevitable advance of science and Western secularism and processes, including industrial growth, consolidation of the state, bureaucratization, market economy, technological innovation, literacy, and options for social mobility
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Snowmobile disaster
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In 1950s, Saami of Finland had economy based on fishing and reindeer herding.
Using snowmobiles meant that heds no longer kept domesticated for part of the year, but roamed freely al year tand thus became wilder Introductiong of snowmobiles for herding also increased young men's dominance in herding. Before, it was a family operation. Dependence on outside cash economy - cash needed to repair and purchase, buy gasoline. |
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Social functions of reindeer for the Saami of Finland
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Food
Used as draft animals, esp. for hauling wood for fuel. Hides made into clothing, sinews for sewing. Key items of exchange. Parents give kid a reindeer to mark coming of its first tooth. Couple exchange reindeer when they become engaged. |
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Social impact assessments
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A study conducted to gauge potential social costs and benefits of particular innovations before change is undertaken.
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Two strategies in promoting economic growth in developing countries (in accordance with the trickle-down effect)
aka Growth-Oriented Development |
-Increasing economic productivity ad trade through modernized agriculture and manufacturing and participation in world markets.
-Reducing gov't expenditures on public services to reduce debt and reallocate resources to increase productivity. Called "structural adjustment" |
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Distributional development
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Emphasizes social equality and benefits, in terms of increased income, literacy, and health.
Says that structural adjustment policies undermine the welfare of the poor. |
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Human development
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Strategy that emphasizes investing in human welfare. Emphasizes need for improvements in human welfare in terms of health, education, and personal security and safety.
These investments lead to economic development (reverse not necessarily true) |
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Sustainable development
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Refers to forms of improvement that do not destroy nonrenewable resources and are financially supportable over time.
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Multilateral institutions
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Institutions that include several countries as "donor" members
Includes the World Bank and the United Nations |
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Bilateral institutions
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Only involve two countries : a "donor" and a "recipient"
Includes USAID, JICA, CIDA, etc. |
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IBRD
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INternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
A branch of the world bank that provides loans to "bad risk" countries. Source of interest-bearing loans to countries that otherwise would not have been able to borrow. Has recorded a profit every year of its existence. Most loans support things like dams and roads. |
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IDA
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International Development Association
"soft-loan" side of the World Bank. provides interest-free loans and a flexible repayment schedule, granted to the poorest countries. |
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Tied loans
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As opposed to untied loans, tied loans and grants require that a certain percentage of project expenditures go for goods, expertise, and services originating from the donor country.
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Social capital
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The intangible resources existing insocial ties, trust, and cooperation
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Development project
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A set of activities designed to put development policies into action
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Project cycle
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The steps of a development project:
-project identification -project design -project appraisal -project implementation -project evaluation |
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Sociocultural fit
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A characteristic of informed and effective project design in which planners take local culture into account; opposite of one-size-fits-all project design.
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Peyizan yo
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In Haiti, a Creole term for small farmers who produce for their own use and for the market. Many also participate in small-scale marketing. Own their own land.
Grow veggies, fruits, sugarcane, rice, and corn. |
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Why is Haiti so poor now?
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Colonialism launched environemtal degradation by clearing forest.
After revolution, ner citizens carried history of slavery with them. Now neo-colonialism is leaving new scars. US playing power role in supporting conservative political regimes. |
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Problems that some people point to with the Hatian people
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Cannot work together and lack a vision to the future
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Jennie Smith's ethnographic research on the peyizan yo found...
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many active social organizations with functions such as labor sharing to help each member get his or her field planted on time and cost sharing to help pay for health care or funerals. Peyizan yo have clear options for vision of the future.
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Three of the most frequent findings of projects that are dismal failures
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-project was inappropriate for cultural and environmental context
-target group, such as women or poor, had not been reached, but instead project benefits had gone to another group -the intended beneficiaries were actually worse off after the project than before it |
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traditional development anthropology
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An approach to international development in which the anthropologist accepts the role of helping to make development work better by providing cultural information to planners
Uses knowledge of both donor and recipient culture |
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Critical development anthropology
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An approach to international development in which an anthropologist on a critical-thinking roleand asks why and to whose benefit particular development policies and programs are pursued
Difference between "What can I do to make this project successful?" and "is this a good project from the perspective of the local people and their environment?" |
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Methods in applied development anthropology
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-Topically focused, less holistic agenda
-Likely to involve multidisciplinary teams -Reliant on rapid research methods -Likely to involve participatory research methods |
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Rapid research methods
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Fieldwork method designed for the use in development anthropology that can yield relevant data in a short period of time.
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Examples of rapid research methods
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-focus group interviews
-going to the field with a checklist of questions -transect observations |
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focus group interviews
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A rapid research method. Talk to several people at the same time rather than one-by-one.
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Transect observations
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A rapid research method.
Walking through a specific area with key research participants and asking for explanations along the way. |
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Participatory research
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A way of collecting data tthat involves the involvement of and collaboration with the local people.
Responds to growing awareness that when target population is involved in the development project, it is more likely to be successful and sustainable. |
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Why it is hard to gather stats on indigenous populations
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-difficult to define who is indingenous
-some governments do not bother to conduct a census of indigenous peoples -may undercount indigenous people in order to downplay regocnition of their existence -often physically difficult, if not impossible, to carry out census operations in indigenous areas |
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Hill tribes
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Name for indigenous people in Southeast Asia. Use policies of "planned resettlement" to displace them.
International pressures are applied to have them replace cultivation of opium with other cash crops. Those who opt for relocation tend to find the new soil shitty. |
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Specific claims
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Concern problems arising from previous agreements, in Canadian law.
Most of these have led to monetary compensation. |
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Comprehensive claims
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Made by First People who have not been displaced and have made no treaties or agreements.
Interestin oil and mineral exploration has prompted governments to negotiate with first people in an effort to have the latter's native claims either relinquished or redefined. |
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Hundee
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An indigenous NGO of the Oromo peoples of Ethiopia. Refers to the "roots" of all Oromo people, and thus, to all the people, land, and culture.
Uses a theory of development that is based in Oromo metaphors of fertility and growth, involves gradual transformation like the spirals in the horn of a ram. Uses legal and moral principles about communal use of natural resources. Long-term goals is to empower Oromo communities to be self-sufficient. |
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Terra nullius
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"empty land"
Claim used by colonialist and neo-colonialist developers to justify territorial takeovers. Eddie Mabo convinced the High Court of Australia of the legitimacy of the claim of the Miriam people in 1992. |
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Male bias in development
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The design and implementation of development projects with men as beneficiaries and without regard to impact on women's role and status.
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Matrilinial kinship is....
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Declining in most of the world!
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Domestication of women
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Women's lives become more focused on the domestic domain and more removed from the public domain. Agricultural projects bypassed female horticulturalists.
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UN Declaration in Opposition of Violence against Women
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Adopted by the general assembly in 1993
Says that violence includes "any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring in private or public life" |
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Society of Muslim Women
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An NGO in Kazakhstan that defines domestic violence as a problem that the Islamic faith should address at the grassroots level. Declines to work with police and civic activists who provide secular responses that involve criminalization, arrest, and other public procedures. They believe that domestic violence should be dealt with privately.
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Development Aggression
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The imposition of development projects and policies without the free, prior, and informed consent of the affected pepople.
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Life project
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Local peoples' definition of the direction they want to take in life, informed by their knowledge, history, and context.
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Militarization of every day life in Northern Luzon, Philippines
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Has been used to suppress local resistance to dams funded by the World Bank, resulting in numerous human rights violations, including torture, killings, imprisonment, and harassment of the Ifugao people for suspected subversive activities.
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Environmental degradation as a form of human/cultural rights abuse
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Ogoni people in Nigeria. Environmental degradation has been a lethal weapon in war against indigenous people.
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Makah hunting of gray whales
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Traditional for their people
Treaty in 1855 acknowledged Makah's right to hunt whales and seals. In the 90s, Makah were given a quote of twenty whales. Under new plan, Makah killed a whale in 1999. Makah saw it as revival of traditioanl culture, and animal rights activists say that they're not killing the whales in a traditional way, which really sounds like a bullshit excuse to me to protest them killing whales. |
