Anthropology Final Exam Vocab

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anthropology

Back 1

study of people, or more precisely humankind

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fieldwork

Back 2

"research adventure" where anthropologists learn from first-hand experience

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ethnography

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analysis of another's culture through fieldwork

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culture

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patterns of economy, social organization, and belief that are learned and shared by a group of people

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cultural relativism

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1st: necessary to study life within the context of a particular culture
2nd: all cultural practices have intrinsic value and validity, all are inherently equal in value

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medical anthropology

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critiques how medicine dominates people and tries to make them normal and similar to others

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biomedicine

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study of the body in relation to health and wellness of the human, based on scientific facts with reasoning, applicable everywhere

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ethnomedicine

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study of healing body through the use of mind, culturally sensitive to belief systems of a particular group

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n/um

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!kung healing energy, 1/2 of men and 1/3 of women use this energy

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placebos

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healing method that uses mind to heal body by tricking body to think that "sugar pill" is the necessary medicine

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medicalization

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process by which health or behavior conditions come to be defined and treated as medical issues

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HIV/AIDS in Haiti

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article 35, about aids epidemic in Haiti

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religion

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belief in gods, or spiritual beings; moral code; belief in human ability to go beyond suffering; rituals involving human w/ extrahuman

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Max Weber theory

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explaining suffering and offering salvation: theodicy (ex. caste system)

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Karl Marx theory

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(opiate of the masses)
- more elite created religion
- religion masks social inequality making all equal under religion
- to create true egalitarianism/enlightenment needed to do away with religion

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Sigmund Freud theory

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- people have childlike dependence on religion

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Emile Durkheim theory

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-religion is the way in which society instills values that promote social solidarity necessary for society's survival

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Melford Spiro theory

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religion satisfies cognitive, inellectual needs; substantive, practical needs, and psychological, emotional needs

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theodicy

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human, karma & reincarnation

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opiate of the masses

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karl marx's view of religion, separates people from reality and masks troubles of world

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collective effervescence

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Emile Durkheim's view that religion binds people together

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social solidarity

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Emile Durkheim's view that keeping society separate from others will ensure its survival

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religion and global conflict

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scholarly attempts to explain the salient role that religion so often plays in violent conflict between cultures, civilizations, and ethnic groups

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person/personhood

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- belief about what it is to be a person, what it means to be human

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individual

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- a person with an identity

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dividual

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the body is made of components that are divisible from each other

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egocentric/sociocentric

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ego...: centered on self, cannot sympathize with others/ socio...: regard of one's social group a superior to others

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sweater exercise

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- putting physical meanings to symbols that are interpreted

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maya

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in Indian society, bodily and emotional attachment

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aging

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how do u care/prepare for elderly, preventing bodily changes in aging is one of goals of medicine

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social inequality

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certain groups in society don't have equal status as others, caste system

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social stratification

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hierarchical arrangement of people within a society into divisions of social power and wealth

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race

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categorization of humans within certain groups depending on inheritated traits

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caste

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stratification of groups into social groupings depending on family that one is born into, Indian society

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class

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hierarchical arrangement of people in society as economic or cultural groups

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ascribed status

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status based on unearned traits by birth

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achieved status

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status achieved by merit alone

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varna

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divisions of social groups into castes in Indian society

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jati

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(Hinduism) a Hindu caste or distinctive social group of which there are thousands throughout India; a special characteristic is often the exclusive occupation of its male members (such as barber or potter)

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untouchable, Dalit, Scheduled Caste

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lowest caste in hinduism, "born in pollution, died in pollution", no chance for advancement

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Dr. Ambedkar

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tries to spread buddhism around the country because it doesn't have castes, everyone would have more equal standing

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karma

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cause and effect cycle, every action has an equal and opposite reacion

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white privilege

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believed to be a set of advantages enjoyed by white people such as higher social standing

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urban societies

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societies in highly concentrated areas of population centers

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El Barrio

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east harlem, "Spanish Harlem"

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inner city apartheid

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separation of inner city population depending on racial background

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violence; symbolic violence; structural violence
internalization of violence

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can range from torture, rape, physical violence to oppression, symbolic violence

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structural forces

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kill lower class by making them live below healthy standards, more susceptible AIDS and TB

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agency

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individual responsiblity, ability to react

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resistance

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working for positive change

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cultural or symbolic capital

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- kinds of symbolic or cultural assets through which prestige, honor, and respect are required and assessed

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American Dream

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- land of opportunity w/ family, home and settled job

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ideology
(how Marx’s notion of ideology compares to
anthropological notions of culture)

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Karl Marx: ruling class dominates in the formation of culture

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Advertising Missionaries

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wokabout marketing, spread modern lifestyle around to remote areas of Papua New Guinea through acting

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globalization

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ongoing process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a globe-spanning network of communication

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commodification & globalization of domestic labor

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outsourcing of jobs, globalization of these help to spread culture to other parts of world

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cultural imperialism/world homogenization

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practice of promoting one culture over another

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“localization” of global phenomena

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taking global phenomena and making them local, "headdresses on "First Contact"

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indigenous peoples

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4th world, not represented in UN until recently

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World Council of Indigenous Peoples

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representation of 4th world citizens in the UN