Ant 102 Quiz #3

Front 1

Charisma

Back 1

The idea of "grace", as a unique and personal "gift" that each human is endowed with at birth

Front 2

Imperialism

Back 2

"the god given right to rule others"

Front 3

Humanism

Back 3

a philosophy that rejects spiritual revelation as the basis of knowledge and emphasizes the agency of critically thinking human beings in the attainment of human endeavors.

Front 4

Aboriginal

Back 4

a person inhabiting a land from the "earliest times," or from before the arrival of the colonists.

Front 5

Culture

Back 5

a way of life that includes the material and the mental products that are shared within a particular society, and which are transmitted from generation to generation

Front 6

Symbols

Back 6

arbitrary units of meaning, whether verbal or nonverbal, which represent different concrete or abstract phenomena.

Front 7

Ethnography

Back 7

a description of a society written by an anthropologist who conducts field research in that society, collects data on that society, and draws scientific conclusions about that society.

Front 8

Ethnology

Back 8

the sub-field of anthropology that focuses on the cross-cultural aspects of ethnographic studies.

Front 9

Emic

Back 9

When an ethnographer puts away his or her cultural biases and takes on the view of the people being studied in order to represent, as accurately as possible, the viewpoints of those people.

Front 10

Ethnocentrism

Back 10

the practice of judging another society by the values and standards of one's own.

Front 11

Diaspora

Back 11

the dislodging of any large number of people from their historical homeland to other places where they continue to maintain their original identity

Front 12

Hegemony

Back 12

the dominance of one group over another

Front 13

Pluralistic Societies

Back 13

those societies that are composed of a number of different cultural or sub cultural groups

Front 14

Subculture

Back 14

a portion of a larger ethnic culture that shares some features with the dominant culture, but which also differs with it in some respects.

Front 15

Cultural Relativism

Back 15

The viewpoint that the traditions that any cultural groups constructs is valid, and that no group's "truth" can be imposed on another, as long as international law is obeyed.

Front 16

Multiculturalism

Back 16

The public policy that all cultures are legitimate and equal

Front 17

Cultural Diffusion

Back 17

the spreading of objects, ideas, and behaviors from one society to another

Front 18

Linked Changes

Back 18

One change in a culture can induce other changes in a culture

Front 19

Culture Shock

Back 19

a psychological disorientation experienced when attempting to operate in a radically different cultural enviornment

Front 20

Dysfunction

Back 20

a stress or imbalance induced within a cultural system by external pressures and may result in aberrant behaviors among individuals, as well as the culture itself.

Front 21

Acculturation

Back 21

that form of learning in which a subordinate is related to this process

Front 22

Assimilation

Back 22

the process of absorbing a subordinate group into the dominant group

Front 23

Enculturation

Back 23

the means by which human infants learn their culture

Front 24

Cultural unoversals

Back 24

those cultural traits that are found in all societies around the world, not only today, but all through time.

Front 25

Etic

Back 25

The viewpoint prevalent in the current anthropological body of accepted knowledge

Front 26

Monochronic

Back 26

Time, in western heritage moves in one direction

Front 27

polychronic

Back 27

people who tend to look back at the wisdom delivered to them from the ancestors

Front 28

Archeology

Back 28

the sub-field of anthropology that focuses on the study of prehistoric and historic cultures through the excavation of material remains

Front 29

research design

Back 29

a proposal for an anthropological endeavor that sets out the objectives of the proposed project, the means of accomplishing that project, and the questions that are to be explored and the methods by which the answers will be discerned.

Front 30

Fossils

Back 30

the preserved remains, impressions, or traces of living creatures from past ages left behind when the organic material of which they were composed decays and is filled with minerals that harden into rock and can be later identified by their characteristic patterns

Front 31

Taphonomy

Back 31

the study of the natural and behavioral processes that lead to the locations where fossils may be found

Front 32

Artifact

Back 32

a type of material remain that has been made or modified by humans

Front 33

Survey

Back 33

the systematic examination of a particular area, region, or country to locate the most likely sites for human activity and its remains to be found

Front 34

Datum Point

Back 34

a permanent market set into the ground from which all measurements at the site are made

Front 35

Features

Back 35

parts of archaeological sites that have been made or modified by humans and cannot be easily moved

Front 36

context

Back 36

refers to the exact location of a fossil or artifact in relation to the soil and any associated materials

Front 37

Midden

Back 37

An archaeology trash site

Front 38

Relative Dating

Back 38

a method of dating that finds similarities among artifacts, features, and sites that can be crossed-linked with other artifacts, features, and sites that overlap in certain respects and dates, and differ, whether older in part of younger in part, that can build a chronological chain of dates

Front 39

Dendrochronology

Back 39

the study of tree rings, whether of fossils or live trees whose cross-sectional ring patterns can be calibrated to extend dates far into the past

Front 40

Law of Superposition

Back 40

any succession of rock layers will have its lowest layers deposited first; thereafter, each successive layer added on top is younger

Front 41

Stratigraphic Dating

Back 41

dating each successive layer of rocks according to its place in a formation

Front 42

Faunal Succession

Back 42

animal fossils of earlier life forms will be found in the lowest layers, and more advanced life forms in the layers on the top

Front 43

Absolute dating

Back 43

uses the chemical nature of elements and compounds to date them

Front 44

Palynology

Back 44

the study of pollen grains

Front 45

Seriation

Back 45

a relative dating method that studies how cultural fashions in artifacts such as pottery styles, architectural techniques, ect., come into vogue, reach a peak, and go out of vogue, only to be replaced by another style

Front 46

Cultural resource managment

Back 46

safeguards in place to postpone further digging at a commercial site until archaeologists can come in and have a chance at gleaning valuable information from it and save as many of the artifacts as possible

Front 47

Evidence

Back 47

a thing or thing helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment

Front 48

Proof

Back 48

something that shows that is true or correct.

Front 49

Punctuated Equilibrium

Back 49

a theory that proposes that most species will exhibit little net evolutionary change for most of their histories, while remaining in a condition of phenotypic stasis for an extended period of time

Front 50

Phenotype

Back 50

the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits.

Front 51

Speciation

Back 51

the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise

Front 52

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Back 52

the very way you think, the very way you see reality, is determined by the way your culture constructs language, and not the other way around

Front 53

Closed system of communication

Back 53

a form of communication based on instinct, in which the user cannot create new sounds, or words

Front 54

Open System of communication

Back 54

a form of communication in which the user can create new sounds or words

Front 55

Displacement

Back 55

human languages are distinct from closed systems of communication because they have the ability to speak about things that are remote in time and space

Front 56

Phoneme

Back 56

the smallest bit of sound that distinguishes meaning

Front 57

morpheme

Back 57

the smallest linguistic form that can convey meaning

Front 58

free morphemes

Back 58

a linguistic form that can convey meaning by standing alone

Front 59

bound morphemes

Back 59

a linguistic unit that can convey meaning only when combined with another morpheme

Front 60

morphology

Back 60

the study of rules governing how morphemes are formed into words

Front 61

syntax

Back 61

the rules governing how words are arranged into phrases and sentences

Front 62

grammar

Back 62

rules that are unique for each language and can contain idioms and other features of language that combine all of the parts of speech into a comprehensive whole

Front 63

Linguistic Anthropology

Back 63

the study of how languages have formed, how they have evolved, and how they are utilized today

Front 64

Historical Linguistics

Back 64

The branch of anthropology that studies how languages emerge and change over time

Front 65

Descriptive Linguistics

Back 65

The branch of anthropology that studies how languages are structured

Front 66

Sociolinguistics

Back 66

The branch of anthropology that studies how language is used in different social contexts

Front 67

Synchronic Analysis

Back 67

anthropologists that study cultural data at a single point in time

Front 68

Diachronic analysis

Back 68

anthropologists that study sociocultural data through time

Front 69

Mnemonic

Back 69

a device, such as a pattern of letters, ideas, or associations that assists in remembering something

Front 70

Dialects

Back 70

variations of a language that are similar enough to be mutually understood

Front 71

Code Switching

Back 71

the practice of adapting one's language to the social situation

Front 72

Doublespeak

Back 72

the use of euphemisms to confuse or decieve

Front 73

Nonverbal communication

Back 73

the various means by which humans send and receive messages without using words, such as, touches, gesture, displays, and facial expressions