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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Top 5 swine producing countries:
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China, United States, European Union, Brazil, Russia
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Top 5 pork producing states
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Iowa, North Carolina, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana
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Reasons for the movement of large-scale hog production to the Texas Panhandle
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Environmental Soundness, Water availability, Feedstuffs, Remote locations, and trainable workforce
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Where do swine spend the majority of their lives?
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Finisher
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Phases of swine production
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Breeding and gestation, farrowing, nursery, grower, finisher, gilt pool
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Indications of farrowing:
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Restlessness, swelling of vulva, fullness of udder, milk letdown, fluid presence from vulva
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gestation length of a sow
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3 months 3 days 3 weeks or 114 days
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How long is the estrous cycle of a sow
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21 days
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How long is the estrus cycle of a sow?
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2 days
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This system completely empties a barn between groups of hogs and allows for cleaning disinfection and better disease control
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All-in All-out
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Advantages of Rotational Crossbreeding
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market hogs and replacement gilts are produced
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Disadvantages of Rotational Crossbreeding
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Lower heterosis than the terminal system;reduction of carcass merit and growth potential
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What is considered optimal swine market weight?
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270 lbs
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what makes up the highest percentage of production costs in swine?
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feed
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What is the primary protein source for swines?
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soybean meal
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What are the steps we take to process newborn pigs?
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ear notching, castration, docking, clip needle teeth, iron injection, cut navel cord
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How many teats should swine possess?
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6 teats per side
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What are three problems associated with the underline of swine?
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inadequate number, poor spacing, inverted, pin or blunt teats
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What traits do the Sow Productivity Index (SPI) include?
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number born alive and adjusted 21 day litter weight
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A gallon of milk weighs?
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8.6 lbs
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AI is used in Dairy operations because?
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Bulls are aggressive, few top bulls on site, increased management required for dairying;easy to implement
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Production trends have shown _________milk production, but _______cow numbers.
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Increasing, decreasing
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#1 state for total lbs of milk?
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California
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Where does dairy rank in Texas production?
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4th for agricultural sales, below cattle/calves, cotton/cottonseed, poultry/poultry products
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What factors contributed to the move of the dairy industry from East to West
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Humidity and climate, land prices, government regulations, change from traditional family to business type farms
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What are the reasons behind the increase in milk production since the 1950's?
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advances in management, nutrition and genetics
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What is BST?
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Bovine Somatotropin, growth hormone to increase milk yield
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how long is the dry period in diary?
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2 months aka 60 days
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when does peak lactation occur?
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within the first 100 days
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What is the negative energy balance?
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occurs during peak production and is when the cow is using more energy to produce milk than she has
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What is Mastitis?
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#1 money loser in dairymen, inflammation of the udder, caused by bacterial infection
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5 major traits on which dairy cows are judged?
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udder 40%, frame 15%, diary character 20%, body capacity 10%, feet and legs15%
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What is a hutch?
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it is individual housing for calves in order to control spread of diseases
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Freestall barn?
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Individual stalls with sand beds, cows tend to stay in the same freestall each day
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What makes a milking machine work?
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Vacuum is the source of pulsation on the teats
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What is a heifer?
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female that has not produced a calf
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How many servings of beed can one steer provide?
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540 servings
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What are the top 3 countries in numbers of beef cattle?
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India, Brazil, and China
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Which state ranks #1 in beef cow numbers?
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Texas
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Which state leads the nation in total numbers of cattle on feed?
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Texas
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What are the three major production systems in beef cattle production?
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Cow-Calf, Stocker, and Feedlot
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Involves cows and heifers mated to bulls, either by natural service or AI, to produce a calf crop
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Cow-Calf Production
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Utilizes available forages or roughages to grow cattle from weaning until weight read for entrance into feedlot
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Stocker Operations
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Involves feeding high concentrate rations to cattle in a large confinement facility specifically designed for finishing cattle
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Feedlot Production
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Length of estrus in beef cattle:
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18 hours
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Length of estrous in beef cattle:
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21 days
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Gestation length of beef cattle:
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283 days
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$1/head each time sold- money utilized for research, advertisement and marketing of beef products
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Check-off funding
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Why do we castrate male calves?
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docile temperament, can be mixed with females, cull inferior genetics, fatten quicker, more marbling
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What are the reasons or advantages for dehorning cattle?
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less shed and feeding space, bruises are eliminated, reduces injury to men and horses, sell for higher prices
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What are some of the advantages to implanting cattle?
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accentuates growth potential in calves
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Where is the proper injection site in cattle?
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The middle 1/3 of the ear
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What scrotal circumference is considered acceptable in yearling bulls?
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greater than 30 cm
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Scrotal circumference is related to what?
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Sperm production and fertility
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factors that influence dystocia?
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birth weight of calf, sex of calf, pelvic size of mother
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Define EPD?
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Expected Progeny Difference: predicts the difference in performance of future offspring of a parent
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Where does fertilization occur?
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Ampullary-Isthmic Junction (AIJ)
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What is the primary reproductive organ in the male?
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Testes
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What cells are responsible for testosterone production?
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sertoli
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What temperature should the testes be maintained at?
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3-5 degrees celsius below body temperature
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How is temperature regulated in the testes?
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scrotum, cremaster muscle, pampiniform plexus
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What do accessory glands do in the male?
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cleanse urethra, provide nutrients and buffering, and provides gel fraction of semen
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What functions does the epididymus provide?
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transports, stores, matures and increases concentration of sperm
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What is the importance of Oxytocin?
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Induces milk letdown
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Where is progesterone produced in the cow?
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Uterine endometrium
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What hormone is responsible for maintaining pregnancy?
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Progesterone
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In cattle, how is AI achieved?
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rectocervical
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What are the advantages of AI
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Genetic improvement, disease control, improved record keeping, eliminates need for bulls kept on far and more economical than natural service
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What are disadvantages of AI
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Time required for estrous detection, Trained personnel required, service and semen supplier, training as AI technician overuse of inferior sires
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