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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anatomical characteristics of mammals
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skin rich in glands (sebaceous gland secretes sebum, which is oils), 4 regions ofthe body (head, neck, body, tail), quadruped (except cetacea - whales & dolphins & sirenia - sea-cow), presence of hair
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quadruped
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walk on 4 limbs -- mammals do this for the most part
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functions of hair
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camouflage, insulation, protection, sensory organs... communication -- anounce presence, communicate social info, gender (like a skunk)
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epiphyses
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limits final growth in mammals b/c the bone grows to give height.
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muscular diaphragm in mammals
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keep infections separate
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Marsupials
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youn attached by primitive placenta, short gestation then continue gestation in the marsupium (pouch)
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Placenta
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tissue develops from embryo, tissue is parallel to uterine wall, vascular systems are side-by-side so nutrients and wastes transport across, developing fetus is somewhat protected...the placenta makes it protected from mother's diseases, helps protect w/ immune functions... so the mother doesn't attack fetus.
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plantigrade
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bear & human etc... walk on your palms
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digitigrade
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cat and dog etc... walk on their digits--tip toes
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unguligrade
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hooved animals--walk on the fingernail
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monotremata
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platypus, spiny anteater
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marsupilia
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kangaroo, opossum
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insectivora
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mole, shrew, hegehog
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rodentia
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rat, mouse, squirrel
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lagomorpha
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rabbits, hares
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carnivora
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cat, dog, fox, ferret
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ungulata
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deer, giraffe, goat, sheep, cattle, hoarse
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primata
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monkey, ape, man
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Rats... facts about them
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not indigeenous to north america but were probably on ships, can be very destructive, have a very keen sense of smell, reproduce very quickly, nocturnal
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Mice
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also very popular, many colors, similar to cats, not as easy to handle as rats, not as trainable, smell more than rats
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why do people keep rodents?
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intelligent, you can train them, clean, inexpensive, fairly low-maintenance, small amount of space required , short lived, durable w/ kids
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Gerbils
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same family as hamsters, native to deserts of asia, africa, europe, pets are usually mongolian gerbils, hop around like a kangaroo
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Gerbils con't
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drink very little b/c they're fromt he desert, don't have much odor, nocturnal, can be left alone up to a week! short lived, reproductive life often ends --unlike most rodents who continue breeding til they die, siezures are fairly common (usually harmless / happens if something scares them or is different)
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Hamsters
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short tailed gerbils, most pets are golden (syrian) hamsters, don't get along w/ e/o very well... male & female get along for mating and then they usually fight, very nocturnal-if you wake them, you might get bitten
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Cavy (guinea pig)
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native to south america, raised as a food animal there, male = boar; female =sow... physical characteristics - 'football shaped' no tail, short legs, 4 toes on front and 3 toes on back feet, heavy skull -- hold them well... if you drop them, they will land nose first so they dont' like high places.
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guinea pig (con't)
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cannot handle cold weather, need to be kept above 32*, differences in reproduction--usually only 2 or 3 per liter, pups are precocial w/in an hour of birth they can eat, can have breeding groups, sows need to be mated before 6 months or not at all (if she doesn't have her first liter before 6 months, her pubic bones will be deteriorated.
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guinea pigs
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feed lots of fiber, add a salt ring to lick, require vitamin C
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Chinchillas
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known for their soft fur, need to be kept cool, often are nervous, though some can be calmneed a bath every few days, can group mate (1 male & up to 7 females) , small litters (avg 2) young are precocial, inbreeeding has caused some problems
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Polyestrus
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once the start cycling, they keep cycling... rats and mice
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estrus cycle is divided into...
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proestrus, metestrus, and diestrus
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proestrus (one day)
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FSH -follicle stimulating hormone-increases, FSH is from the anterior pituatory gland (in the brain),some follicles begin to grow, stimulated follicles produce estrogen, estrogen produces secondary sexual development.
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Estrus
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sexual receptivity (12-24 hours), FSH and estrogen levels are high progesterone levels are low, this is the only time the female will accept the male, there is a surge of LH (luteinizing hormone) occurs, LH is also from the anterior pituitary gland.
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Metestrus
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Ovulation - 12 hours - caused by increase in estrogen, follicle opens and releases ovum,rats and mice are spontanoues ovulators -- most mammals are spontaenous ovulators - it just happens in the cycle--contrast to induced ovulators which rabbits are
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diestrus
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period before next proestrus , corpus luteum (CL) forms in raptured follicle, progesterone level is high (secreted by CL -- prepares uterus for pregnancy, stops other ovulation), if no pregnancy, CL cegresses and new cycle begins, prostaglandin causes CL regression .... there are cyclic changes in vaginal epithelium during the cycle of rodents
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Copulation and Mating Behavior... for mice and rats
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nocturnal breeders, many intromissions before ejaculation, spontaneous ovulators vs. induced, may mate 12-20 times in a 12 hour period, if there is an infertile mating PSEUDOPREGNANCY may last 13-16 days, a two yr old mouse or 3 yr old rat is quite old
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Gestation and Parturition ... mice and rats
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no cyclic changes in vaginal epithelium during pregnancy, changes in mammary gland apparent after 14 days of pregnancy, fetuses can be palpated through the abdominal wall, mucous and blood discharge from vag 1-4 hrs before parturition
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postpartum and lactation of mice & rats
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an immediate postpartum estrus in mice and rats -- they'll mate again w/in a day... have lactation for three weeks, if there is a new pregnancy the gestation is longerand lactation is shortened, average litter size in mice is a 4-7 and rats is 6-10, young can be sexed by distus ane btwn the and the genital pailla. male 2x.
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Rabbit and Hare (Hare = precocial; Rabbit = Altricial)
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induced ovulators
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Mesntrual Cycle
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Average of 28 days, days 1-13 = follicular phase--stimulates follicles, day 14 ovulation (LH), day 14-15 = fertilization (egg picked up by fimbria of fallopian tube), day 20 = implantation, day 14-28 = luteal (corpus luteum) phase (progesterone)
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Hormones
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FSH + produced in the pituitary, acts on the ovary to stimulate growh of follicles. Estrogen = produced by cells in the follicle, necessary for ddevelopment of secondary sex chracteristics in the female, stimulates estrus (heat), postive and negative feedback.
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Rabbits & Hares differences
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rabbits = altricial offspring, generally more compact body shape; hares=precocial birth, generally longer and thinner body shape
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fungal diseases
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ringworm, contagious to humans, circular patches of lost hair, sores
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parasitic disesases
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ear mites--watch for excessive scratching, need to massage in a treatment oil; mange mites; worms
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other diseases
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malocclusion-buck teeth, can trim so the rabbit can eat, don't breed affected animals
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other diseases
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sore hocks and urine burn-due to poor management, urine-soaked hair in cage can cause irritation
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other diseases
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hairballs-=some can be passed by giving mineral oil, pineapple juice can help break them down, may need to be surgically removed.
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what is a female ferret called? what about a male who is intact?
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jill, hob (hob's odor will be really strong after 16 wks)
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what is a baby ferret called? what about when they're in a group?
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kit, business
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what is a castrated male ferret called? what about a female spayed ferret?
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gib, sprite
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Management of a ferret--descenting
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they will still smell, skin glands produce musky scent, bathe frequently but don't dry out their skin,
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equipment for a ferret
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cage --not wood b/c that will leave an odor--they can run around the house if you ferret-proof your house, have a sleeping box w/ a round hole & towels inside
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food dish etc for a ferret
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food dish=easily cleanable, stable; water bottle = cleaner than dish, make sure they know how to use it
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feed for a ferret
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carnivorous, commerical ferret feed is best, need animal protein (dry kitten food is okay),
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Reproduction of ferrets
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females are in estrous twice per year (so they cycle every 6 months), induced ovulators (need physical act of mating), altricial kits
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ferret health problems
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intestinal blockage (hairballs, etc)
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urolithiasis
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kidney stones in the urinary tract--correct it w/ lots of water & changing the feed which changes the pH of the urine--make it more acidic)
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Aplastic Anemia VERY IMPT HINT HINT HINT
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Jill comes through her cycle & the FSH pumps out estrogen. this is a problem b/c a jill is an induced ovulator so she won't ovulate and the follicles won't go away and keep pumping estrogen which inhibits red blood cell formation. You should spay her, get her a mate, and treat her w/ meds.
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infectious viruses in ferrets
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common in intact ferrets--susceptible to some cat diseases, canine distemper (can vaccinate) rabies (vaccinate)
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Parasites on ferrets
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fleas, earmites, heartworm -- not a huge issue
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Hedgehogs -senses
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smell & hearing are good, sight is limited--so they are nocturnal (they are also solitary and territorial)
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Hedgehogs are self anointing and you should remember that
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this is thought the be an aid for sense -- recall jacobson's organs.
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Housing for hedgehogs
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not litter-trainable, need to be kept individually, fenced yard can be used (but not in this climate), appreciate a dark sleeping box... 70*F is good, heavy, shallow feed & water dishes--used to tipping rocks over to look for insects, cedar bedding may be good
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why is cedar bedding good?
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b/c if an animal is outside, it will get mice, etc.. so the cedar bedding prevents that. & they control odor
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Feed for a hedgehog
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insectivores, will eat meat & eggs & fruits etc.. should add vitamin / mineral supplement.. consume a lot of feed
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Hedgehog Reproduction
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sexually mature at about 1 year, babies called 'hoglets,... LEAVE HER ALONE AFTER SHE GIVES BIRTH OR THERE WILL BE CANNIBALISM
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Facts about cats
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4 canine teeth, family felidae, carnivores have shorter digestive tracts, used to keep away rodents
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Anatomy of a cat
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teeth--body is designed to be a predator-digitgrade - helps w/ their speed-, retractable claws, more vertebra, lack a collarbone, strong jaws.
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cats' senses
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good sign, binocular vision, poor sense of color, see movement well -- hearing = much better than humans at high freqs, smell = better than ours prbably, not as good as dogs; taste = no 'sweet' receptors, few taste buds; jacobson's organs = esp for sexual odors, flehmen response
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Tapetum Lucidum
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helps cats see w/o light--it's areflective substance in their eyes & that's why they glow
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glands in cats
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only have sweat glands on the pads of their feet--have scent glands around the anal area on their claws, on the sides of their cheeks.
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cats are really good at balancing.
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yeah duh.
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whiskers
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let cats 'feel' their way. carpal hairs on forlegs are used as well.
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expenses for cats
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feed, litter, medical (altering, vaccinations, dental, accidents, disposal when it dies)
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equipment for a cat
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bed, scratching post, litter box, feed dish, water dish, carrying crate, toys, collar (w/ name tag)
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kitten v. adult
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kittens adapt well, adults try to return home, kittens take a ot of attention & need to be litter-trained, adults may be calmer and easier to deal w/.
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when choosing a cat, you should check...
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ears, eyes, nose, coat, mouth, teeth, anal area, abdomen
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altering cats (neuter toms & spay queens)
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do it unless you want to breed them and have a demand for kittens,
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tom catting
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when all the toms come around the queen
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Altering cats - health benefits
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eliminates uterine cancers, testicular canceers, decreases incidence of mammary tumors, roaming cats are more likely to be run over
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Declawing cats
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removes defenses, cats will scratch on something anyway (it sharpens claws, stretches muscles, and marks scents), can trim claws regularly, claw covers are available...only need to remove front claws if any.
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Cat Reproduction Facts
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queen reaches puberty btwn 7&12 months, tom reaches in 9 months & shows flehmen response, long anestrous period (when there's no cycling), some cats cycle year-round
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Behavioral changes in cats w/ Estrus
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constant calling, rolling, rubbing against objects, crouching (known as lordosis),
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Induced ovulation
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queen must be induced to ovulate--this is why it goes on for a few days--physica act of mating causes this, multiple meatings will incrase LH surge (b/c the cat penis has bumps that induce ovulation), if mating does not occur, follicles will regress
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When to breed a cat...
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peak estrus = march, june, sept; nipples become red (pinking-up)
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care of pregnant queen
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handle gently, pseudopregnancy lats about 35 days, feed well (but don't overdo) & allow exercise,
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Birthing (kittening)
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prepare a box w/ old rags, should be in a dark & warm place, leave her alone
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New mother (cat)
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feed as much as seh wants, little or no care for cleaning the kittens , kittens open their eyes in 10 days & if not then the queen isn't being fed properly & is not producing enough milk.) start litter training in 4 weeks.
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid, made up of a chain of sugar & phosphates, mucleotides attached to this chain, order of these nucleotides carries information
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chromosomes
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located in nucleus of cells, long chains of DNA, carry info for lots of traits, individual bits of info arecalled genes, exists in somatic (body) cells
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diploid & haploid #
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diploid number = how many chromosomes; haploid number = how many pairs
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sex chromosomes
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female is XX, male is XY... y is much smaller & carries little info . REVERSED IN BIRDS.
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Genes
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small parts of chromosomes, control one specific trait or part of trait, may be in diff forms on the pair of
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Alleles
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different forms of the same gene
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homozygous
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both alleles are the same
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heterozygous
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alleles are diff
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Qualitiative genetic traits in cats
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aka mendelian, few genes, discreet variables
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quantitative traits in cats
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many genes, continuous variables
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Color in cats
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C-full color
Cb-burmese Cs-siamese Ca-blue-eyed white c-albino |
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temperature dependence in cats' genetics
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when they're cold, they grow darker hair (??)
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fever coat - cats
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cats grow a lighter color based on stress (rare)
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odd eyed white
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one eye is diff
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Calico (tri/bi color)
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sex linked, O-orange; o-non orange
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Spots
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more complex; S-white spotting; s-no spotting
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Tabby
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has to do w/ striping pattern
Ta-Abyssinian Tabby T-striped (mackeral) tabby tb- blotched (classic) tabby |
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White covers up all other genes
W-white w-color |
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Mosaicism in cats
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parts of the body develop from 2 diff populations of cells, usually a developmental mutation
-calico cat is kinda an example |
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Chimerism in cats
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cell pops come from diff parents, may be two sperm cells, may be two eggs fused
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Hypoallergenic Cat
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most allergies are to glycoprotein (produced by cats' saliva & sebacious glands)
-people discovered a mutation in some cats w/ slightly different protein -selectively breed these cats w/ DNA confirmation. |
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ME-metabolizable energy
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GE-gross energy
DE-digestible energy ME-metabolizable energy GE-feces=DE-(urine and gas) = ME Energy is usually expressed as DE or ME ME used for maintenance, heat increment, production (growth, gestation, activity, and lactation) |
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requirements for cats
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-tend to eat a little more than they need
-need at least 5% of fat -no carb need -better eating protein & fat than carbs / vitamins & minerals -require fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic)-deficiency usually causes skin and coat problems first & can cause excess diarrhea |
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Protein (diff for cats)
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high req, body doesn't adjust well to low-protein diets, nitrogen is not as much of a problem
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Arginine
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really impt in allowing them to digest b/c otherwise there might be an ammonia/nitrogen buildup... one meal w/o it can be deadly but it's very common.
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Taurine
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amino acid like substance
-most animals make their own but cats can't -deficiency can cause retinal degeneration & heart problems -tis is why you can't feed your cat dog food b/c dog food doesn't ahve much taurine so cats will go blind |
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Vitamin A
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cats can't convert beta-carotene to vitamin a, other animals can, toxicity can occur,
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niacin
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most animals convert amino acid tryptophan; cats can't
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thiamin
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not usually deficient but some anti thiamin substances occur--would make the cat's hair fall out
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Minerals
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NaCl, Iodide, urolithiasis is a concern
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bioavailability
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whether the animal can actually use the mineral... ex. cats need phosphorous but it comes out in their wastes. this is a problem b/c it gets into the water system & then algae grows & ruins the water.
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what is the most important nutrient for cats??
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water...--they only sweat a little on the pads of their feet, especially impt in a dry diet
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other considerations of nutrition
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digestibility, consistency, odor, volume, etc. of feces, pH of urine, appeal of feed to owner, appeal of food to animal (smell)
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AAFCO
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-association of american feed control officlas
--maintains official definitions of feed ingredients--you can't just make up an ingredient -regulates labeling terms "complete and balanced," "nutritious," -bioavailability is still an issue |
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is a vegetarian diet good for cats?
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no
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feeding geriatric (old) cats
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high quality proteins--they might have more problems digesting them
-energy needs are less -fat levels can be lowered slightly -monitor dental health |
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Chronic illness
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a long illness, dull coat, excessive shedding, listless behavior, refusal of food, dull eyes--
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acute illness
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end results are in a few days--they either die or get better
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signs of illness
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cough, sneezing, vomit, nasal discharge, lumps, nictitating membrane exposed (third eye lid under eye), neglect cleaning themselves
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Spreading of Diseases
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-movement of people
-contact w/ feral cats -rodents, insects, rabbits, etc -bringing new cats into an old cat's environemtn (check for internal / external parasites & isolate new animal for 2 weeks if possible), new cat into home where someone has died from a disease (wait at least 2-3 weeks but 6 months is best) |
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Preventive Medicine
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-biosecurity-protect animal from other diseases,
-nutrition -tooth hygiene -sanitation -vaccinations -parasite control |
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Active Immunity
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the cat actively produced this immunity -getting a disease & then developing an immunity = active
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Vaccination
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give antigen-usually mild, killed, or attenuated form, could be protein, toxoid, etc-body mounts response to antigen-antibody production & long-term protection
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Passive Immunity
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Conrtast to active immunity, short term protection, usually from colostrum
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Colostrum
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produced by mother - has her antibodies & so then the baby is immune until those antibodies wear out
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Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
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-viral
-biology-a coronavirus & a problem in catteries, risk low -enlarged abdomen caused by fluid buildup - perritinitus -fever, weight loss, eye lesions, nasal discharge-inflamation of perritinum-lining of the abdomen -there is a vaccine -no cure |
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Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) (really impt)
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-a virus shed in saliva, urine, and feces
-very common -if chronically infected they rarely live longer than 3 years -impaired immune system-then the cat dies from something else -clinical signs -fever, anorexia, etc -treatment: control secondary infections -there is a vaccination |
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Feline Panleukopenia (FPL)
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-out in the environment
-a contagious viral disease that affects all members of the cat famiy as well as raccooons, mink and ferrets -put the cat in the hospital |
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Feline Herpesvirus & Feline calcivirus
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-Herpesvirus aka feline rhinotracheitis virus
-most commonly called feline URI -transmitted cat to cat contact, clothing, food, and litter boxes -virus shed for a year after recovery -species-specific -Clinical signs: fever, sneezing, coughing, hypersalivation, nasal discharge, tearing, oral ulceration -Treatment: supportive care antibiotics & fluids -prevention: clean up w/ alcohol & detergents -vaccination |
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Rabies
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a virus, infects all mammals
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Feline Pneumonitis
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-bacteria Chlamydia psittaci
-transmitted by direct contact, aerosol & secretions, humans can be infected, -clinical signs: chronic conjunctivitis for 45 days -mild rhinitis, sneezing and nasal discharge -treatment: antibiotics |
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Cat Scratch Fever
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Rickettsia (bacteria)
-not a problem in cats but is zoonotic--problem in humans if you get bitten or scratched |
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Ringworm
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-parasite
-common -skin lesions-hair falls out-can spread to humans easily |
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Toxoplasmosis
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-protozoal disease that lives in the intestine
-not much of a problem in cats b/c it comes out in their poop. but it's a problem if it develops in the poopl and then can be ingest and in the dust -causes miscarriages in pregnant women. |
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Parasites
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internal & external
-internal: tapeworms, roundworm, whipworms, hookworms -external: fleas, ticks, lice, earmites |
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Feline Urinary Syndrome (FUS)
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-urolithiasis, pH is not good.. change the pH of the urine by changing the feed
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antifreeze is not as bad as in cats b/c cats can't taste sweet things
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a;ldsjal
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terms for dogs
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intact male = dog
neutered male = gib feemale = bitch young = pups (puppies) |
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cropping & docking
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cropping = stickingears up straight
docking = tail becomes a dober-looking b/c they look meaner / more aggressive/ there is less to grab onto. |
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Terrier
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terra means earth--were for vermin control
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Toy breeds
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long lived, great for apts, small version of standard
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non-sporting dogs
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vary in size and disposition, most developed for a purpose
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Herding dogs
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control the movement of other animals, respond well to training
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how many meals a day does a puppy need?
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4 for puppies
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