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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do the terms "hyper", "hypo", and "iso" mean? |
Hyper is higher hypo is lower iso is the same |
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The three important homeostatic processes are: |
1. osmotic regulation 2. ionic regulation 3. nitrogen excretion |
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What is osmotic regulation? |
It's the control of tissue osmotic pressure |
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What is ionic regulation? |
It's the control of the ion composition of bodily fluids |
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What is nitrogen excretion? |
It's the excretion of nitrogenous waste from protein catabolism |
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Body water is found in 3 major components. What are they and what are their percent water composition? |
1. Intracellular fluid (67%) 2. Interstitial fluid (26%) 3. Blood plasma (7%) |
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There is no such thing as an... |
'impermeable' biological surface. |
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What is a solute? |
it's a dissolved particle |
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What is osmolarity? |
concentration of all solutes in a solution |
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What is the difference between Molarity and Osmolarity? |
Osmolarity accounts for ions that dissociate in solution. Ex. NaCl (aq) Molarity is 150mMol NaCl and 300 mOsm NaCl. |
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What is osmosis? |
It's the movement of water from an area of low osmolarity to an area of high osmolarity. |
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What is the Osmotic Pressure? |
It's the hydrostatic pressure that exactly counterbalances the osmotic movement of water. |
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A hypertonic solution will do what to a cell? |
it will make a cell shrink |
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A hypotonic solution will do what to a cell? |
It will make a cell expand |
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What is active transport? |
It's the transport or movement against an electro-chemical gradient. It's uphill transport and the opposite of diffusion. This requires energy. Never water!!! |
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What is the Osmolarity of Sea water? |
1000 mOsm |
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What is the osmolarity of salt water lakes? |
>1000mOsm |
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What is the osmolarity of fresh water? |
<50 mOsm |
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What is the osmolarity of Brackish water? |
1-1000mOsm. The range is because Brackish water is where salt water meets fresh water so dependent on the conditions it can have a ver wide range. |
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What are Euryhaline animals? |
They can tolerate a wide ranger of salt concentrations. Ex. polychete worms |
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What are Stenohaline animals? |
They can only tolerate a narrow range of salt concentrations. Ex. Marine crabs |
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What are osmoconformers? |
They conform to the osmolarity of the surrounding medium |
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What are osmoregulator? |
They maintain the composition of bodily fluids within a small osmotic range. |
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Who are the osmoregulators? Who are the Osmoconformers? |
Osmoregulators are vertebrates, with the exception of the hagfish Osmoconformers are marine invertebrates (bodily fluids are generally parallel to sea water) |
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What are ionoconformers? |
Concentrations of all ions are the same inside and out. |
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What are ionoregulators? |
concentrations of at least some ions inside differ from the concentration outside |
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Sharks are both: |
osmoconformers and ionoregulators |
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What's the problem with Sharks creating urea? What is the solution? |
Urea denatures proteins. The solution is that it also produces TMAO (trimethylamine oxide) which offers protection. |
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How do sharks solve the problem of salt gain? |
Their rectal gland secretes sodium |
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The crab eating frog lives in seawater and is a _________ and a ____________. |
It's an osmoconformer and an ionoregulator. It osmoconforms with urea bu lays eggs in freshwater |
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What are the problems with marine teleosts? Hint: they're osmoregulators and hypoosmotic to environment. |
Problems: Water loss, salt gain Solutions: Gain water and remove salt from body by losing Na+ through the gills, avoiding excess water loss in urine |
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As marine teleosts actively transport 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell through the sodium-potassium transport channel, what else happens? |
1 Na+ and 1 Cl- transport inside the cell (somewhat redundant) through a cotransporter and 2 Cl- as well as 1 Na+ passively leave. This results in a net loss of 3Na+ and 1 Cl- and a net gain of 2K+ |
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How do marine reptiles and birds get rid of huge salt loads? |
They have salt glands near their eyes and they cry |
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Why can a sea gull drink sea water and be fine? |
Because they excrete the salt through nasal fluid |
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What is the problem with marine mammals? |
Problem: water loss Solution: hyperosmotic urine, get most water from food |
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Freshwater animals generally have __________ permeabilities than related marine species, and brackish-water species may be even ________ permeable. |
lower, less |
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What are the problems with fresh water teleosts? |
Problems: Water gain, salt loss Solutions: dilute urine, active sodium uptake from the environment through the gills |
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What is it called when a fish moves from freshwater to salt water to spawn? Vice versa? |
Fresh-->Salt=Catadramous Salt-->Fresh=Anadramous |
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Aquatic insects and crustaceans actively transport ions through... |
gills in the crustaceans (crayfish) and through the anal gill in aquatic insect (larvae) which can serve as both respiratory and osmoregulatory organs. This is because that area already has to be moist so why not? |
