A growing and increasingly health-conscious population, coupled with declining capture fisheries, is driving increased global demand for farm-raised seafood that can only be met through expansion of aquaculture (Delgado et al., 2003). In 2007, aquaculture represented 33% of total global seafood production and is projected to increase to as much as 71% by 2030 (FAO, 2009). Aquaculture seeks to provide an ideal and healthy environment to maximize fish growth in a shorter period of time. Among the environmental parameters affecting fish growth, salinity is one of the most extensively studied. In fact, it is a determinant factor for growth of fishes, including silver pompano (O’Neill et al., 2011; Pérez-Robles et al., 2012; Fazio et al., 2013; Lisboa et al., 2015). The finding of optimum salinity conditions for each species will increase fish productions and brackish water areas will be used more efficiently. Several studies indicate that marine fish grow rapidly on isosmotic water salinity of 10 to 15 (Imsland et al., 2008; Arjona et al., 2009;
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A majority (60 – 80 %) of the ingested water is absorbed in the alimentary canal, along with water, most monovalent ions, such as Na+, K, and Cl-, remain in the gut, typically less than 20 % are absorbed (Bond, 1991). The kidneys of marine fish play a lesser role in the removal of excess salts and a greater role in conserving balanced bodily fluids which is energy cost and reduce growth (Johnson, 2000). When fish expend large amounts of energy on cell regulation, less energy is available for somatic growth and growth rates may be reduced (Barton et al., 1990). Mortality can occur from osmotic stress as well. The osmotic influx of water can cause severe fluids imbalances that tax osmoregulatory capacity and quickly become life threatening (Barton et al.,
A majority (60 – 80 %) of the ingested water is absorbed in the alimentary canal, along with water, most monovalent ions, such as Na+, K, and Cl-, remain in the gut, typically less than 20 % are absorbed (Bond, 1991). The kidneys of marine fish play a lesser role in the removal of excess salts and a greater role in conserving balanced bodily fluids which is energy cost and reduce growth (Johnson, 2000). When fish expend large amounts of energy on cell regulation, less energy is available for somatic growth and growth rates may be reduced (Barton et al., 1990). Mortality can occur from osmotic stress as well. The osmotic influx of water can cause severe fluids imbalances that tax osmoregulatory capacity and quickly become life threatening (Barton et al.,