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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the major component of the body?
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protein
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what is the most expensive component of the diet?
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protein
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____function in every body process?
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proteins
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proteins are like a pearl necklace where each pearl represents an ___ ____
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amino acid
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what are the 2 things involved in an anino acid structure?
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amino group (-NH2)
carboxyl group (-COOH) |
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what the the amino acids in the MATT part of (MATT HILL VP)?
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Methionine (the S amino acid)
arginine tryptophan threonine |
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what are the amino acids in the HILL part of (MATT HILL VP)
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Histidine
isoleucine leucine lysine |
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what are the amino acids in the VP part of (MATT HILL VP)?
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valine
phenylalanine (the aromatic aa) |
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what is the essential amino acid in cats?
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taurine
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what is the essential amino acid in birds/ reptiles?
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arginine
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essential amino acids means?
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they are not synthesized by the body
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how does a peptide bond form?
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carboxyl group of aa1 condenses with amino group of aa2. loses a H2O molecule
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what is the biological dogma?
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DNA ->mRNA->tRNA
transcription then translation |
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what are the enzymes for protein digestion in the stomach?
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pepsin and HCl
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what do pepsin and HCl break down specifically?
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peptides/ peptones
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what are the enzymes for protein digestion in the small intestine (pancreatic juice)
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trypsin
chymotrypsin elastase carboxypeptidase |
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what do the pancreatic juice enzymes break down specifically?
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tri and dipeptides
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what are the enzymes for pancreatic digestion in the int. mucosa?
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aminopeptidases and dipeptidases
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what do the intestinal mucosa enzymes break down specifically?
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free amino acids
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what is the fate of dietary protein or N in Ruminants?
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1. rumen undegradable protein escapes breakdown in rumen goes to abomasum
2. microbial fermentation of protein 3. microbial fermentation of NPN |
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what eventually happens to microbial fermentation of protein and microbial fermentatoin of NPN?
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converted to bacterial protein and goes to the absomasum
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Since NH3 is toxic, the liver converts it to ___, which is either: ___ or ___
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urea
recycled back to the rumen via saliva or excreted via the kidneys |
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what is the protein of the abomasum a mixture of?
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microbial protein and RUP
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what are the three types of rumen undegradeable proteins?
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1. very soluble proteins
2. insoluble proteins 3. very insoluble proteins |
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what happens to very soluble proteins?
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rapidly degraded by bugs
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what happens to insoluble proteins?
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remain intact in the rumen and are digested in the abomasum
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what happens to very insoluble proteins?
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poorly digested in the stomach and small intestines
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what is the goal for RUP's
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to find dietary proteins with intermediate solubility, so some of the good quality plant protein bypasses the rumen and some protein is fermented to make microbial protein
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what is the application of RUP's
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companies may heat-treat very soluble proteins to make intermediately soluble. However, care is taken not to overheat or it becomes very insoluble
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what are the treatements of RUP's ?
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mild heating, dehydration pelleting, formaldehyde treatment
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why would non protein nitrogen nutrients be used?
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they are a cheap source of crude protein, need readily available E sources for rumen microbes to synthesize carbon skeletons
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what are 3 examples of NPN sources for ruminant diets?
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1. urea
2. biuret 3. NH4 salts (e.g. lactate or phosphate) |
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what are 5 methods to feed NPN's?
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1. add to silage or high moisture corn
2. add to mixed feed,or 3. LPS- liquid protein supplement 4. tank with lick wheel 5. put in vitamin mineral premix |
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what are 3 NPN points?
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1. Too much NH3 is toxic
2. solubility is important 3. there are a variety of NPN sources |
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when proteins enter the abomasum, ___ and ___ are similar to the process in nonruminants
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digestion and absorption
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ruminant and nonruminants have similar ____ and ____ mechanisms
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enzymes and transport mechanisms
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what are the three fates of AA after absorption?
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1. tissue protein synthesis
2. synthesis of enzymes, hormones, and other metabolites 3. deamination and transamination |
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what is the main objective in tissue protein synthesis?
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to replace damaged proteins
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what is deamination and transamination?
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breaks down carbon skeleton of non-essential aa. to change into essential aa. during starvation
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what are the 3 things the liver does in N metabolism?
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1. syn. many proteins
2. supplies aa. to the circulatoin when needed 3. processes excess N for circulation |
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what is the main storage site for aa?
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muscle
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what is the site of disposal and of excess N ?
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liver
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after a protein- rich meal, aa are taken up where?
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in the gut
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the bulk of aa pass thorugh the liver in ___ ____
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free form
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after a protein rich meals, ___ ___ extract aa.
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peripheral muslces
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excess aa not used for protein synthesis are ____
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degraded (increase liver catabolic enzymes)
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what organ gets the first "crack" at absorbed aa due to the portal vein
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liver
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what is deamination?
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aa-> carbon skeletons + NH3 . process for aa degradation and removal, needed for the synthesis of non-essential aa.
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how much nonessential AA make up tissue protein?
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40-50%
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If in short supply, cells will make up the deficit because ____, ____, and ____ are available
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amino N, C skeletons, and energy
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transamination is a freely reversible reaction that requires _____
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vitamin B6
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transamination interconverts a pair of AA and a pair of ___ ___
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keto acids
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each tranaminase is specific for one pair of ____, but nonspecific for the other pair.
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substrates
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most aa., but not all undergo _____
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transamination
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the urea cycle is a biochemical pathway in hepatocytes that takes _____ and converts it to ____ for export to blood and subsequent excretion of the kidneys
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ammonia to urea
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do birds and reptiles have a urea cycle?
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no
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does peptide transport rewure energy in protein digestion of the ruminant?
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no
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does amino acid transport require energy in protein digestion of the ruminant?
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yes, sometimes
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it is favorable for the animal to absorb ___ and ___ peptides opposed to _______
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di and tripeptides
free amino acids |
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uric acid is very ____ and also __-__
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very soluble and non-toxic
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the dietary protein requirement is really a(n) ____ ___ requirement for tissues?
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amino acid
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about 50% of CP requiremtne is ___ aa. requirement and 50% of CP requirement is ___
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essential and non-essential
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what is the barrel stave analogy saying about the water held in the barrel is proportional to?
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water held in the barrel is proportional to capacity to allow for a protein synthesis
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what is the most limiting aa. in the barrel stave method?
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Tryptophan
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what is the 2nd most limiting aa. in the barrel stave method?
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Isoleucine
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what is the 3rd most limiting aa. in the barrel stave method?
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lysine
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so for the barrel stave analogy, you would first add ___, then more ___, and add more ___ to meet the required amount.
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TRP first
ILE LYS |
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maintenance needs reflect AA pattern of the ___
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body
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production needs reflect AA pattern of ____
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product (eggs, milk)
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how would someone determine amino acid requirement?
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growth trial- growth rate, eggs, or milk production
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if AA needs are below the requirement, then you can supplement with the synthetic aa __, ___, and ___ because they are generally the limiting 3.
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Methionine
Lysine Tryptophan |
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what are the 3 limiting amino acids to produce milk?
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cystine
threonine methionine |
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what is the first limiting amino acid in most diets for pigs?
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lysine
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what are the first and second limiting aa in poultry diets?
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methionine and lysine
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what is the most limiting amino acids in protein feeds for horses?
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lysine and methionine
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animal protein sources are greater in ___ and ___ than plant.
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quality and cost
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what are 5 examples of animal protein sources?
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1. fishmeal
2. meatscraps 3. meat and bone meal 4. poultry by product meal 5. milk products |
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what does fishmeal offer?
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excellent aa. pattern, good minerals source, and some vit's
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what do meatscraps offer?
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good aa. pattern, good source of minerals (bone)
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animal protein sources are widely used in the ____ but not in ___ diets because of cost and prion disease.
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pet food industry
farm animal diets |
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do plant protein sources contain vit. B12?
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no
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how much CP is in soybean meal?
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44% with hulls
50% without hulls |
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soybean meal ____ inhibitor which inhibits protein digestion
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trypsin
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___ inhibitor is destroyed by mild heating (roasting)
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trypsin
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cotton seed meal contains ___ which is toxic to NR
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gossypol
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peanut meal has poor ___ pattern, may have ___.
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AA pattern
aflatoxin |
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what are 5 examples of plant proteins?
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1. soybean meal
2. cottonseed meal 3. peanut meal 4. sunflower seed meal 5. canola meal |
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what are some other options for dietary proteins (3).
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1. alfalfa protein extract
2. single cell protein (not cost effective) 3. recycled poultry waste- especially for R |
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what are 3 examples of new plant species/ varieties that are other options for dietary protein?
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1. high lysine corn
2. low trypsin inhibitor soybeans 3. high protein grains |
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what are consequences for a low protein diet?
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reduced growth rate, increased fat, low milk or egg production, poor feed efficiency
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what are consequences of severe protein deficiency?
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reduced growth rate, deficiency signs aa imbalance
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what are consequences of excess protein in the diet?
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high feed costs, normal growth, enlarged kidneys, excess water intake
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what are the consequences of a diet with an excess of individual AA?
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poor growth
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what are the consequences of adequate AA pattern but low energy in diet?
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reduced growth because AA are degraded and used as E source
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rumen microflora ferments most diet N, so a mixture of ____ and ___ moves into the abomasum.
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microbial protein and RUP
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diet proteins are hydrolyzed by digestive proteases and are absorbed as ___ or ___
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proteins or aa.
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