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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the Tinbergen's 4 legs of Animal Behaviour?
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Immediate causation
Development Evolution Function |
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Name the 3 ethologists that won the Nobel Prize in 1973?
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Lorenz
Fitch Tinbergen |
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What animal did Project ORCON use to steer missiles?
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Pigeons
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What does FAP stand for?
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Fixed Action Pattern
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What does SS and IRM stand for?
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Sign stimulus
Innate Releasing Mechanism |
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What is a phenotype?
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expression of genotype (what you can see including behaviour and morphology)
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What is a supernormal stimulus?
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stronger response than normal stimulus
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1+ SS to make FAP is...?
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heterogeneous summation
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What is the difference between ethology and behavioural ecology?
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Ethology: tactics & forms
Behavioural Ecology: strategies & functions |
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Is FAP dependent of conscious control?
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No
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Who is the father of behaviourism?
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John Watson
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Define comparative psychology.
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Influenced by Darwinian Theory
A new field of psychology |
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Define evolutionary psychology.
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Adopts a socio-biological perspective with more focus on development and learning.
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Define Ethology.
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Study of overt behaviours.
Observations in natural settings. Can be Inductive or Idiographic |
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Define Sociobiology.
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Started by E. O. Wilson.
Hybrid between ethology and ecology with an increased interest in evolution. |
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Who are the 6 Fathers of Sociobiology?
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George C. Williams
William D. Hamilton John Maynard Smith Robert Trivers E. O. Wilson Richard Dawkins |
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What is difference between a reflex and an FAP?
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Reflex: Sensory input to central relay to motor output
FAP: Central input to pattern generator to coordinated motor output |
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What are the characteristics of an FAP?
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Genetically encoded
Specific to a stimulus situation, or environment Spontaneous No individual differences No effect of sensory feedback Independent of immediate control Predictability of the action, movements are rhythmic and often repetitive |
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What is an FAP that is not totally fixed?
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MAP = modal action pattern
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Define Amphibilogic.
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Behaviours or behavioural categories that are ambiguous
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Define Autochthonous.
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Behaviours activated by its own drive
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Define Allochthonous.
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Behaviours that are not activated by its own drive.
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Define homology.
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Similarities from divergent linear evolution.
Example: feathers on birds |
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Define analogy.
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Similarities from convergent, parallel evolution.
Similarities of individuals not genetically related. Example: wings of bats and birds |
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What is an RIM?
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Reproductive Isolating Mechanism
Sub-types: chromosomal, mechanical, biorhythmic, ecological and behavioural |
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In Woodchucks (Marmota monax) what are the characteristics associated with elevations, season, food, sociality, and dispersion in the Barash study.
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Elevation: low
Season: long Food: a lot Sociality: low Dispersion: early (approximately 1 year) |
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In Yellow-bellied Marmot (Marmota flaviventris) what are the characteristics associated with elevations, season, food, sociality, and dispersion in the Barash study.
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Elevation: high
Season: short Food: some Sociality: high Dispersion: late (2 years) |
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In Olympic Marmot (Marmota olympus) what are the characteristics associated with elevations, season, food, sociality, and dispersion in the Barash study)
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Elevation: very high
Season: very short Food: not a lot Sociality: very high Dispersion: very late (3 years) |
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What is an ethogram?
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inventory, catalog, written repertoire of all the behaviour patterns of a species focusing on the form of behaviour
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Define Taxonomy.
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The theories and techniques of naming, describing and classifying organisms.
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Define Taxinomy.
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Study of the laws of classification
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Define Taxionomy.
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application of the principles of taxinomy
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What is the study of fish?
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Ichthyology
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What is the study of reptiles and amphibians?
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Herpetology
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What is the study of birds?
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Ornithology
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What is the difference between anamniotes and amniotes?
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Anamniotes have an aquatic larval stage. E.g. fish eggs
Amniotes have a terrestrial larval stage in an egg. E.g. turtle egg |
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Approximately how many species of fish are there?
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~25 000
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Approximately how many species of amphibians are there?
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~5390
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Approximately how many species of reptiles are there?
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~7700
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Approximately how many species of birds are there?
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~9000
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Approximately how many species of mammals are there?
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~4500
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What are the 3 sub-classes on Mammalia?
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Prototheria (1 order)
Metatheria (7 orders) Eutheria (18 orders) |
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What is the newer classification of the Primate order?
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Strepsirhini (primitive, mainly nocturnal primates)
Haplorhini (modern, mainly diurnal primates) |
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What is the newer classification of the Carnivora order?
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Dog-like
Cat-like |
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What is the newer classification of the Rodentia order?
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Squirrel- & Mouse-like
Porcupine-like |
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What are the 3 foundations of animal behaviour?
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Natural Selection
Individual Learning Cultural Transmission |
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Microevolution
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Changes in gene frequencies or traits occurring in small increments and often rapidly
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Macroevolution
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Major changes occurring at or above the species level
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What are the 2 ingredients of Natural Selection?
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A trait
Selective agent |
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What are the prerequisites for natural selection to operate on a trait?
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Variation
Fitness Consequences Mode of inheritance Limited resources |
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What are the 3 types of direct fitness?
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Traits improving chances of survival
Correlated traits Traits from sexual selection |
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Low levels of serotonin can cause:
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depression
aggression |
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What is an ethophene?
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Pattern of behaviour
I.e. overt observable behaviours |
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What is a psychophene?
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Psychological construct
I.e. Covert processes such as cognition and emotions |
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What behaviour costs the actor and benefits the recipient?
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Altruistic
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What behaviour costs the actor and recipient?
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Spiteful
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What behaviour costs the recipient but benefits the actor?
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Selfish
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What behaviour benefits the actor and recipients?
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Cooperative
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What are the 3 types of symbiosis?
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Mutualism
Commensalism Parasitism |
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Define Evolutionary Stable Strategies.
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A strategy that cannot be improved and cannot be replaced by another strategy.
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Define the two types of ESS.
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Pure ESS: single strategy adopted by all members.
Mixed ESS: a combination of several strategies adopted by all members |
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Define Epistasis.
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Genetic interaction or interaction of genes at different loci.
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What is the Progressivism fallacy?
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Not all traits are adaptive, i.e., not all traits are the result of natural selection and heading towards improvements or perfection
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What is the Purposivism fallacy?
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Evolution does not have a goal or purpose.
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What are the 5 challenges of the theory of evolution?
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Adoption
Altruism with non-kin Homosexual behaviour Risk-taking behaviour Symbiosis (mainly mutualism and commenalism |
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What was the early study done on dogs and disease detection?
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Williams and Pembroke (1989)
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What did the study of Pickel et al. 2004 (Melanoma Detection)?
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That the dogs were very good at detecting melanoma
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What did the study of Horvath et al. 2008 (Ovarian cancer detection)?
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Trained a Riesenshnauzer to detect cancerous ovarian tissue by presenting dog with multiple rags. High sensitivity and specificity
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What did the study of Cornu et al. 2011 (Prostate Cancer)?
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Original test is not specific.
Trained 1 Belgian Malinois using urine samples. High specificity and sensitivity. |
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SAD vs. SRD
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SAD: seizure-alert dogs (used combination of classical and operant conditioning) - responds to minute behavioural changes (person often anxious prior to seizure)
SRD: seizure-responding dogs |
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What is hyperglycemia?
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High blood sugar
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What is hypoglycemia?
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Low blood sugar
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How do Diabetic Alert Dogs (DADs) detect diabetes?
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Dog aware of changes to the owners physiology before they experience symptoms.
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What is intra-sexual selection?
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Males or females competing within one sex for access to the other sex
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What is inter-sexual selection?
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Males or females choosing their mates. Often involves courtship or courtship rituals between sexes (usually advertisement by male and choice by female)
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What is male-male competition?
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Competition between 2 males that often involves aggression, sperm competition or kleptogamy (sneak-mating)
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What are characteristics of K-selected species?
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Reproduction: delayed & repeated reproduction
Offspring quantity: Low Offspring quality: High; Efficiency Parental care: Extensive Parental investment: High Mortality rate: Low, directed, density-dependent Intra-specific competition: High Home range or territory: Yes |
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What are characteristics of r-selected species?
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Reproduction: Single, early reproduction
Offspring quantity: High Offspring quality: Low; Productivity Parental care: Minimal, nil Parental investment: Low Mortality rate: High, catastrophic Intra-specific competition: Low Home range or territory: None or less obligatory or defined |
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What are the different sex priorities of males and females?
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Males: inseminate as many females as possible
Females: produce as many eggs as possible |
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What are the epigrammatic sexual characteristics?
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Influence female choice
To impress the females Assumed that females are attracted to epigrammatic sexual characteristics correlated to good health and reproductive ability (Healthy but not healthy like your cousin) |
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Monogamous species tend to have what kind of morphism?
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Monomorphism
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Non-monogamous species tend to have what kind of morphism?
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Dimorphism
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What sex tends to show the more pronounced characteristics in non-monogamous species?
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Males
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What are the 5 theories associated with genetics and mate choice?
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Direct benefits theory (Darwin 1871)
Good genes theory (Hamilton and Zuk 1984) Runaway selection theory (Fisher 1958) Handicap theory (Zahavi 1975) Sensory bias theory |
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What is the direct benefits theory?
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Survival and/or reproductive value of mate
Choosy females Females are looking for resources the male can contribute Male selling points are crucial |
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What is the good genes theory?
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Good genes, good sperm, good babies
Indirect benefit theory Assumes: female can identify good genes, cheaters Honest indicators are costly to produce, harder to fake |
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What are some examples of the good genes theory?
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Endoparasites (keeping parasites in check)
MHC (pheromones - identify domestic from foreign cells) Symmetry (high symmetry=high quality) |
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What is the runaway selection theory?
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male trait and female preference evolved together (genes)
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What is the popular male principle?
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If copying increases in females
# of males that never mate increase # of males with very high reproductive success increases Increased variance in male reproductive success |
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Explain the example of a swallow's tail length.
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Originally thought to be disadvantageous.
But parasites decrease the growth of the chick in early development reducing the tail size at maturity. Flying is harder with a longer tail. But found that in wind tunnels, having a long tail was advantageous. and a long tail was a sign of absence of parasites meaning good health. |
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Is the sensory bias theory bottom-up or top-down?
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Bottom-up
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What is the sensory bis theory?
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Sensory exploitation, or sensory drive, or preexisting bias
Choice by females is driven by intensity of the sensory stimulation Based on sensory predispositions, not quality |
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What is an epimeletic behaviour?
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care-giving, altruistic behaviour
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What is et-epimeletic behaviour?
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care-soliciting
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What is agonistic behaviour?
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aggression-submission
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What is allelomimetic behaviour?
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doing the same thing as other individuals
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What equation is used to determine the number of dyad interactions among a population?
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n(n-1)/2
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What are the 5 types of bonds in social behaviours?
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parent-offspring
sibling-sibling female-female male-male male-female |
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Define social behaviour.
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Interactions between two or more individuals of the same species in which one or more of the individuals benefit from the interaction. Includes: courtship, mating behaviour, and parental care
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What are the 4 categories of social behaviour?
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sexual
parental/alloparental agonistic affiliative |
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What are the 9 factors of mammalian social organization (Poole, 1985)?
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Mating strategy
Gregariousness Intolerance Affectional bonds Complexity of communication Inbreeding avoidance Group mobility Fecundity/longevity Ecological factors |
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Define mating strategy.
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degree of male/female choice
e.g. opportunistic, monogamous, polygamous, etc. |
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Explain gregariousness.
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Solitary
Aggregation (for feeding, warmth, protection, mating or nesting; temporary grouping of individual, not necessarily same species) Group permanence and identity Personal relationships within the group |
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Define intolerance.
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to members of same or different sex
degree to competitiveness may cause agonistic behaviour |
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Define affectional bonds.
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duration of mother-offspring bond
non-sexual bonds and their strength with same or opposite sex e.g. baboons grooming each other |
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Define complexity of communication.
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variety and nature of information
communication during cooperation individual recognition, kin recognition and personal relations |
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Define fecundity and longevity.
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number of young per female per unit of time
lifespan: long life = more complex social organization |
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What are advantages of living in groups?
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Protection from physical factors
Protection against predators Assembly of sexual species Location and procurement of food Resource defence against conspecifics or competing species Division of labour among specialists Richer learning environment for slow-developing young Population regulation |
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What are disadvantages of living in groups?
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Increased competition for resources as group size increases
Increased chance of spread of diseases and parasites Interference with reproduction |
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What is sub sociality?
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prolonged association between parent(s) and offspring. Potential overlap in generations
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What is intermediate subsocial?
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Cooperative living
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What is the social role theory (Bernstein)?
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based on social functions of individuals
requires polytheism (behavioural polymorphism) |
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Explain agonistic behaviour.
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A hierarchy of behavioural patterns used during a conflict with a conspecific
Does not necessarily lead to reciprocity Based on a set of species-specific social rules Aggressive or submissive acts include body movements, vocalizations or scent-marking |
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Name and explain the 3 psychological processes involved in agonistic behaviour.
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Conative: motivational factors
Affective: emotional factors Cognitive: perceptual and decisional factors. Social intelligence |
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What is a treptic behaviour?
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behaviours characterized by approach or withdrawal
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What is apotreptic behaviour?
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causes a conspecific to withdrawal; threat behaviour
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What is epitreptic behaviour?
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causes a conspecific to approach; appeasement
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Hostile vs. instrumental aggression
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hostile = emotional
instrumental = target and goal |
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Annoyance-motivated vs. incentive-motivated
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annoyance = frustration
incentive = drive of a want |
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Reactive vs. proactive
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reactive = emotional
proactive = very specific goals and extent at which it will go to get to goal |
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What is the different between an affective/reactive/defensive attack vs. a predatory attack?
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Affective, etc: ANS arousal, vocalizations are low-pitch sounds; avoidance/escape; venture-medial hypothalamus, dorsal PAG; librium decreases, amphetamines increase
Predatory: Calm, feeding behaviour; self-stimulation; dorsolateral hypothalamus, ventral PAG; Librium increases, no effect on amphetamines |
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What is the Hawk-dove model?
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Hawk: persistence up to injury; always aggressive/aggressor
Dove: pretend, but retreat if opponent escalates Bourgeois strategy: play hawk if territory holder; dove if not Anti-bourgeois: play dove if territory holder, hawk if not |
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What is the war of attrition model?
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more flexible model than fight/flight
assumes the distribution of contest length is related to the value of the object of conflict low conflict intensity no cues to settle a contest |
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What is sequential assessment?
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animals stop and assess periodically to see if the conflict is still play and not anger
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What did Archer (1988) classify as 3 typologies of aggression?
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Protective
Parental Competitive |
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What are the 8 typologies of aggression from Moyer (1968, 1976)?
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Predatory
Intermale Fear-Inducted Irritable: labeled anger or rage Sex-related Parental Instrumental Territorial |
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What are the 3 typologies described by Ramirez (1981, 1985)?
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Interspecific
Intraspecific Indiscriminate - reactive |
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That are the 2 typologies described by Ramirez (1998)?
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Direct
Indirect |
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What are the 6 typologies of aggression as described by Wilson (1975)?
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Territorial
Dominance Sexual Predatory Parent-offspring |
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What 4 factors do the structure and dynamic of a social structure depend on?
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stability of the group
size of the group individuals involved external factors such as availability of resources |
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What mammals are hierarchies seen in?
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marsupials
rodents lagomorphs carnivores artiodactyls Perissodactyls cetacean elephants primates |
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RHP stands for what?
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resource holding potential
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What are the 2 types of hierarchies?
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species-specific
resource-specific |
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What role does the hypothalamus play in aggression?
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offence
defence escape |
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What role does the amygdala play in aggression?
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fear
fear-induced aggression defensive aggression |
