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320 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a(n)
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without, not
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ab
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from
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acro
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extremity
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ad
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to, toward
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adeno
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gland
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adipo
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fat
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ala, alaris
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wing
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alba
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white
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algia
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pain
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ambi
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both
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ana
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again, back
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anti, angio
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vessel
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ankylo
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bent
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annularis
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ring
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ansa
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handle, loop
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ante
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before
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anti
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against
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aqua
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water
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arthro
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joint
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articularis
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jointed
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ase
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enzyme
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auris
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ear
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auto
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self
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plane
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surface along which any 2 points can be connected by a straight line
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median plane
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divides head, body, or limb longitudinally into equal right and left halves
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sagittal plane
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plane passing through head, body, or limb parallel to the median plane
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transverse plane
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plane cuts across head, body, or limb at a right angle to its long axis or across the long axis of an organ or part; divides body into front and back halves
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dorsal plane
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plane runs at right angles to median and transverse planes, dividing body or head into dorsal and ventral portions
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dorsal
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toward or near the back; the upper or front surface (pposite side with the pads)
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ventral
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toward or near the belly; not used when referring to limbs
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medial
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toward or relatively near the median plane
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lateral
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away from or relatively farther from the median plane
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cranial
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toward or relatively near the head; on limbs, it applies proximal to the carpus and tarsus
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rostral
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toward or relatively near the nose; only applies to the head
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caudal
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toward or near the tail; on limbs it applies proximal to carpus and tarsus
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superficial
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relatively near the surface of a body or solid organ
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deep
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relatively near the center of a body or solid organ
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proximal
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relatively near the main mass or origin; in limbs, the attached end
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distal
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away from the main mass or origin; in limbs, the free end of the limb
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palmar
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aspect of forepaw on which pads are located and corresponding surface of metacarpus and carpus
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plantar
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aspect of hindpaw on which pads are located and corresponding surface of metatarsus and tarsus
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axis
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central line of body or any of its parts
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axial
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on digits, the surface facing the axis (between 3rd and 4th digits)
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abaxial
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surface on digit facing away from the axis
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flexion
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movement of one bone in relation to another such that the flexor angle formed at their joint is reduced
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extension
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movement of one bone upon another such that the flexor angle formed at their joint is increased
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overextension
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dorsal flexion
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abduction
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movement of a part away from the median plane
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adduction
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movement of a part toward the median plane
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circumduction
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movement of a part when outlining the surface of a cone
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rotation
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movement of a part around its long axis; direction of rotation on its long axis is designated by the direction of movement of its cranial or dorsal surface
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supination
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lateral rotation of appendage so that the palmar/plantar surface faces medially
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pronation
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medial rotation of appendage from supine position so that the palmar or planter surface will face substrate
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bones of the thoracic gircle
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scapula, clavicle
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bone of brachium (arm)
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humerus
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bones of the antebrachium (forearm)
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radius and ulna
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bones of the manus
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carpal bones, metacarpal bones, and phalanges
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carpal bones
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intermedioradial, ulnar, and accessory
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digit vs. phalanx
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digit = entire body part (bone, vascular tissue, connective tissue)
phalanx = name of the bone structure alone |
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joints of the thoracic limb
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humeral, cubital, radioulnar, antebrachiocarpal, intercarpal, middle carpal, joint of accessory carpal bone, carpometacarpal, intermetacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints
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ranking of movements (greatest to least) between 3 articular levels of carpal joint complex
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antebrachial > middle carpal > carpometacarpal
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flexor surface of humeral joint
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caudally
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flexor surface of cubital joint
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cranially
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flexor surface of carpal joints
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caudally
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flexor surface of digital joints
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caudally/palmar/plantar
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umbilicus
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the navel
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xiphoid process
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pointed process of cartilage, supported by a core of bone, connected with lower end of body of the sternum
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regional mammae
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8-12 present, 10 is normal; thoracic mammae (cranial 4), abdominal mammae (next 4), inguinal mammae (caudal 2)
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costal arch
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location where the costal cartilages of the 10th, 11th, and 12th ribs unite with each other
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areolar tissue
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thin layer of loose, irregularly arranged connective tissue containing fat
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superficial fascia
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just deep to areolar tissue; forms deep portion of subcutaneous tissue; covers entire body
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deep fascia
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layer blending with the superficial fascius, subcutaneous covering; a layer of deep fascia covers each body region (muscle group) and each specific muscle
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cutaneus trunci muscle
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thin sheet of muscle along the dorsal, lateral, and ventral walls of the thorax and abdomen; no bony attachments; attaches to superficial fascia of trunk and to the skin; twitches the skin
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extrinsic vs. intrinsic muscles
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extrinsic: muscles that attach the limb to the axial skeleton
intrinsic: muscles that extend between the bones that compose the limb itself |
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8 extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb
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(ROTS BLPP) - superficial pectoral, deep pectoral, brachiocephalicus, omotransversarius, trapezius, rhomboideus, latissimus dorsi, and serratus ventralis
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superficial pectoral
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O - cranial sternum
I - crest of greater tubercle and cranial border of humerus A - adduct the thoracic limb |
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deep pectoral
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O - sternum
I - greater and lesser tubercles of humerus A - adduct the thoracic limb and pull it caudally |
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brachiocephalicus
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(cleidocephalicus and cleidobrachialis)
O - clavicular intersection I - distal cranial humerus (cleidbrachialis), mastoid process of temporal bone (mastoid part of cleidocephalicus), and dorsal neck (cervical part of cleidocephalicus) A - pull thoracic limb cranially (when not bearing weight) and/or depress/pull head and neck laterally |
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omotransversarius
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O - wing of atlas
I - distal spine of the scapula A - pull thoracic limb cranially (when not bearing weight) and/or depress/pull head and neck laterally |
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trapezius
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O - dorsal neck (cervical part) and dorsal thorax (thoracic part)
I - spine of scapula A - elevate the thoracic limb (abduct) |
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rhomboideus
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O - occipital bone (capital part), dorsal neck (cervical part), and dorsal thorax (thoracic part)
I - dorsal border of the scapula and/or scapular cartilage A - elevate the thoracic limb and depress scapula to trunk |
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latissimus dorsi
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O - thoracolumbar fascia
I - teres major tuberosity of the humerus A - draw thoracic limb caudally; flex (non-weight bearing) or extend (weight bearing) the humeral joint |
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serratus ventralis
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O - cervical vertebrae (cervical part), thoracic wall/ribs (thoracic part)
I - serrated face of scapula A - support and/or elevate the trunk |
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sternocephalicus
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O - cranial sternum
Attachments - mastoid process of temporal bone (mastoid part) and occipital bone (occipital part) A - depress head and neck and draw the head and neck laterally |
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sternohyoideus
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O - cranial sternum
Attachments - basohyoid bone A - pull tongue and larynx caudally |
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sternothyroideus
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O - cranial sternum
Attachments - thyroid cartilage on larynx A - pull tongue and larynx caudally |
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x-ray vs. radiograph
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x-ray - form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength that is shorter than visible light
radiograph - 2-D representation of a 3-D object; made when the x-rays differentially pass through an object |
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radiodensity
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the property of being resistant to the passage of x-rays. a more radiodense object will absorb more x-rays and appear white on the film
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radiopacity
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the degree of blackness or whiteness of any structure on a radiographic image; determined by the object's physical density and thickness
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radiopaque
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appears white on the x-ray
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radiolucent
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appears black on the x-ray
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5 levels of radiographic opacity
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metal > mineral/bone > soft tissue and fluids > fat > air/gas
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3 factors of orientation when viewing a radiograph
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orientation of film on viewer, specific body part being imaged, and the view
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superimposition
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the occurrence when body structures are superimposed along the same path of the x-ray and their relative radiopacities are distorted
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summation
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the radiopacities of superimposed structures are summed
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2 broad functional categories of bone
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physical and metabolic
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physical functions of bone
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levers, support, protection
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metabolic functions of bone
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store calcium and phosphorus, blood cell formation in bone marrow, and fat storage
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2 principal methods by which bones are classified
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location and shape
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shapes of bones
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long, short, sesamoid, flat, irregular
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axial skeleton
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associated with the center line of the body (includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum)
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appendicular skeleton
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associated with the limbs
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heterotropic bones
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os penis, os cordis, and auditory ossicles
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characteristics of long bones
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found in limbs, have 2 ends and a shaft, form levers and have great tensile strength
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characteristics of short bones
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found in carpal and tarsal regions, shape of each will vary significantly
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characteristics of sesamoid bones
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found near freely moving joints, usually in tendons or ligamentous tissue; only one articular surface
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characteristics of flat bones
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found in limb girdles and head; serve for muscle attachment or protection of sense organs
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characteristics of irregular bones
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found in vertebral column, non-flat bones of skull, and the hip bones; include jutting processes used for muscular/ligamentous attachments; protection or organs and provide support and body shape
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bi
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two
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bio
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life
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blast
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germ, bud
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brachi
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arm
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brachy
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short
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brady
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slow
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brevis
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short
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bulla
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blister
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bursa
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wine skin
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caput, capit
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head
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cardia
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heart
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cauda
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tail
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cec
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blind
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cephal
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head
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cervix
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neck
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chlor
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green
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choan
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funnel
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chole, chol, cholo
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bile
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chondros
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cartilage
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chromo
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color
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chyle
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juice
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chyme
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juice
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clast
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to break
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cleido
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hook, clavicle
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chyle
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juice
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6 intrinsic muscle groups of thoracic limb based upon locations and functions
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lateral and medial muscles of the shoulder, caudal and cranial muscles of the brachium, and craniolateral and caudomedial antebrachial muscles
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chyme
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juice
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lateral muscles of the shoulder
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deltoideus m., infraspinatus m., teres minor m., supraspinatus m.
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clast
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to break
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function of the lateral muscles of the shoulder
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to flex/extend the humeral joint; laterally stabilize the joint
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cleido
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hook, clavicle
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medial muscles of the shoulder
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subscapularis m., teres major m., coracobrachialis m.
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6 intrinsic muscle groups of thoracic limb based upon locations and functions
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lateral and medial muscles of the shoulder, caudal and cranial muscles of the brachium, and craniolateral and caudomedial antebrachial muscles
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function of the medial muscles of the shoulder
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flex humeral joint; adduct limb at humeral joint; medially stabilize joint
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lateral muscles of the shoulder
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deltoideus m., infraspinatus m., teres minor m., supraspinatus m.
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caudal muscles of brachium
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tensr fascia antebrachiim., triceps brachii m., anconeus m.
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function of the lateral muscles of the shoulder
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to flex/extend the humeral joint; laterally stabilize the joint
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medial muscles of the shoulder
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subscapularis m., teres major m., coracobrachialis m.
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function of the medial muscles of the shoulder
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flex humeral joint; adduct limb at humeral joint; medially stabilize joint
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caudal muscles of brachium
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tensr fascia antebrachiim., triceps brachii m., anconeus m.
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function of the caudal muscles of the brachium
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to extend the cubital joint
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cranial muscles of the brachium
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biceps brachii m., brachialis m.
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function of the cranial muscles of the brachium
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flex the cubital joint
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craniolateral antebrachial muscles
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extensor carpi radialis m., common digital extensor m., lateral digital extensor m., ulnaris lateralis m., supinator m., abductor pollicis longus m., brachioradialis m.
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function of the craniolateral antebrachial muscles
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to extend the carpal and digital joints; supination
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caudomedial antebrachial muscles
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pronator teres m., flexor carpi radialis m., superficial digital flexor m., flexor carpi ulnaris m., deep digital flexor m., pronator teres m., pronator quadratas m.
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function of the caudomedial antebrachial muscles
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to flex the carpal joints; pronation
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deltoideus
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O - spine and acromion of the scapula
I - deltoid tuberosity of the humerus A - flex the humeral joint |
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supraspinatus
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O - supraspinous fossa of the scapula
I - greater tubercle of the humerus A - extend the humeral joint; laterally stabilize the humeral joint |
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teres minor
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O - caudal border of the scapula (infraglenoid tubercle)
I - teres minor tuberosity of the humerus A - flex the humeral joint |
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infraspinatus
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O - infraspinous fossa of the scapula
I - greater tubercle of the humerus A - to flex the humeral joint; to laterally stabilize the humeral joint |
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subscapularis
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O - subscapular fossa of the scapula
I - lesser tubercle of the humerus A - adduct the limb at the humeral joint; medially stabilize the humeral joint |
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teres major
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O - proximal caudal border of the scapula
I - teres major tuberosity of the humerus A - flex the humeral joint |
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coracobrachialis
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O - coracoid process of the scapula
I - crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus A - adduct the limb at the humeral joint; medially stabilize the humeral joint |
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biceps brachii
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O - supraglenoid tuberosity of the scapula
I - proximal-medial portions of ulna and radius A - flex the cubital joint; extend the humeral joint |
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brachialis muscle
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O - proximal lateral humerus
I - proximal medial ulna and radius A - flex the cubital joint |
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tensor fasciae antebrachii
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O - latissimus dorsi and fascia on caudal border of the scapula
I - tuber olecranon A - extend the cubital joint |
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triceps brachii
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O - distal caudal border of scapula (long head), proximal humerus (medial, lateral, and accessory heads)
I - tuber olecranon A - extend the cubital joint |
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anconeus
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O - caudal distal humerus
I - tuber olecranon A - extend the cubital joint |
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extensor carpi radialis
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O - lateral epicondyle of the humerus (and crest)
I - dorso-proximal end of metacarpals II and III A - extend the carpal joints |
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common digital extensor
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O - lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I - extensor processes of distal phalanges II-IV A - to extend the carpal and digital joints |
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lateral digital extensor
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O - lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I - distal phalanges (and proximal and/or middle phalanges) A - to extend the carpal and digital joints |
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ulnaris lateralis
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O - lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I - accessory carpal bone and proximo-lateral aspect of metacarpal V A - flex the carpal joints; abduct the manus |
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abductor pollicis longus (extensor carpi obliquus)
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O - proximal antebrachium
I - proximal metacarpal I A - extend the carpal joints; abduct the first digit |
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supinator
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O - lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I - body of the radius A - supination of the manus |
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brachioradialis
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O - lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I - fascia near the carpus A - flex the cubital joint; supinate the manus |
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flexor carpi radialis
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O - medial epicondyle of the humerus
I - palmaro-proximal aspect of metacarpals II and III A - flex the carpal joints |
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flexor carpi ulnaris
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O - medial epicondyle of the humerus, olecranon of the ulna
I - accessory carpal bones A - flex the carpal joints |
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superficial digital flexor
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O - medial epicondyle of the humerus
I - palmar aspects of the middle phalanges A - flex the carpal and digital joints EXCEPT distal interphalangeal joints |
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deep digital flexor
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O - medial epicondyle of the humerus, radius, and ulna (3 heads)
I - palmar aspects of distal phalanges A - flex carpal and digital joints |
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pronator teres
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O - medial epicondyle of the humerus
I - body of the radius A - pronation of the manus |
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pronator quadrates
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Attachments - apposed surfaces of the radius and ulna
A - pronation of the manus |
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muscle of the manus
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interosseus muscle
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interosseus
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O - proximal ends of metacarpal bones
I - base of proximal phalanx A - flex and support metacarpophalangeal joints |
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collateral ligaments of the humeral joints
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lateral and medial collateral ligaments, transverse humeral retinaculum
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lateral collateral ligaments
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supraspinatus, infraspinatus
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medial collateral ligaments
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subscapularis, coracobrachialis
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definition of retinaculum
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fibrous tissue/band that holds a tissue or organ in place
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transverse humeral retinaculum
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joins greater and lesser tubercles of humerus and holds the tendon of the biceps brachii in the intertubercular groove
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extensor retinaculum
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in carpal fascia; holds tendons crossing the dorsum of the carpus in their grooves (tendons for extensor carpi radialis, common digital extensor, and lateral digital extensor)
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flexor retinaculum
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palmar carpal ligament; covers the flexor carpi radialis, superficial digital flexor, deep digital flexor, and flexor carpi ulnaris
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regions of pelvic limb
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pelvic girdle, thigh, crus, pes
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pelvic girdle
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ilium, eschium, pubis (os coxae)
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thigh
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femur, patella
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crus
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tibia, fibula
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pes
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tarsal, metatarsal, and proximal/middle/distal phalanges
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sacroiliac joint
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articulation between the sacrum and ilium
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coxal joint
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hip joint; articulation between the acetabulum and head of femur
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genual joint
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stifle joint; articulation between the femoral and tibial condyles and the patella
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femoropatellar joint
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between the femoral trochlea and the patella
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femorotibial joint
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between round femoral condyles and flat tibial condyles
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tibiofibular joints
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side-to-side articulations between tibia and fibula
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tarsal joints
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tarsocrural joint and intertarsal joints
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intertarsal joints
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talocalcaneal, talocalcaneocentral, calcaneoquartal, proximal intertarsal, and centrodistal joints
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tarsocrural joint
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articulation between the tibia/fibula and tarsal bones
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talocalcaneal joint
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intertarsal joint between the talus and the calcaneus
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talocalcaneocentral joint
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intertarsal joint between the talus and the central tarsal bone
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calcaneoquartal joint
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intertarsal joint between the calcaneus and the 4th tarsal bone
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proximal intertarsal joint
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talocalcaneocentral joint and the calcaneoquartal joint
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centrodistal joint
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collective intertarsal joints between the central tarsal bone and tarsal bones distal to it
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tarsometatarsal joints
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articulations between distal row of tarsal bones and metatarsal bones
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intermetatarsal joint
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side-to-side articulations between metatarsal bones
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digital joints
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metatarsophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints
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metatarsophalangeal joint
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articulation between metatarsal bones and proximal phalanges
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proximal interphalangeal joint
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articulation between proximal phalanges and middle phalanges
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distal interphalangeal joint
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articulation between middle phalanges and distal phalanges
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flexor surface of the coxal (hip) joint
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cranial
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flexor surface of the genual (stifle) joint
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caudal
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flexor surface of the tarsal joints
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dorsal
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flexor surface of the digital joints
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plantar
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3 major types of joints
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fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints
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fibrous joint types
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suture, gomphosis, and syndesmosis
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fibrous joint functions
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stability, little movement; directly united by collagenous connective tissue
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suture joints
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between flat joints of the skull, fits like a jigsaw
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gomphosis joints
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tooth to bone joint
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syndesmosis
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rest of body's fibrous joints; lots of connective tissue, holds with collagenous tissue
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cartilaginous joint types
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symphysis and synchondrosis
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symphysis joint
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fibrocartilage; pelvic and mandibular symphyses
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synchondrosis
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hyaline cartilage; usually temporary; betweeen the ilium and sacrum (sacroiliac joint)
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synovial joint characteristics
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joint of movement and mobility; no direct union of bones (but bones are covered in hyaline cartilage)
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synovial joint classifications
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plane joint, ball-and-socket joint, ellipsoidal joint, hinge joint, condylar joint, thochoid/pivot joint, and saddle joint
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components of a typical synovial joint
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joint capsule, periosteum, fibrous membrane, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, innervations, adipose tissue, and meniscus/discs
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joint capsule of a synovial joint
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fibrous membrane, synovial membrane, joint cavity, synovial fluid, and articular cartilage
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periosteum of a synovial joint
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protective sheath of connective tissues that is continuous between 2 bones; vascular connective tissue
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fibrous membrane of a synovial joint
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capsular ligament; connection between the periosteums of the bones at a joint; tough and strong
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synovial membrane of a synovial joint
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inner layer of the joint capsule; delicate vascular and innervated tissue
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synovial fluid of a synovial joint
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produced and reabsorbed by synovial membrane; continuous turnover; clear, thick, viscous, slippery; lubricates a smooth articular surface
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articular cartilage of a synovial joint
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hyaline cartilage covering the touching ends of 2+ bones that meet at a joint; shock absorption, avascular
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meniscus of a synovial joint
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complete or partial fibrocartilaginous plate that divides joint cavity into two parts
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definition of ligament
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heavy band of connective tissue indirectly connecting two bones; dense fibrous connective tissue between two bones; a band or cord of nearly pure collagenous tissue that unites 2+ bones
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collateral ligaments
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regional thickenings of fibrous membranes on sides where there isn't motion
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extracapsular ligaments
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ligaments not found in the joint capsule
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intracapsular
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ligaments inside the joint capsule
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definition of origin
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muscle attachment where there is the least movement, usually the more proximal attachment
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definition of insertion
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muscle attachment where there is the most movement; usually the more distal attachment
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definition of a tendon
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dense, regularly arranged fibrous connective tissue organized into a small, well-defined bundle
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pinnate muscle
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muscle with tendons throughout the length
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unipennate muscle
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muscle with tendon running along one side
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bipennate muscle
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muscle with a tendon on each side
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multipennate muscle
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muscle with tendons distributed throughout its volume
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definition of an aponeurosis
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dense, regularly arranged fibrous connective tissue arranged as a thin sheet of tissue
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definition of a fleshy attachment
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connective tissue that is so scant that it appears the muscle directly attaches to the bone
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definition of belly
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expanded fleshy portion of a muscle
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definition of a head
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origin of a muscle
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definition of a slip
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minor division of origin or termination
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prime mover
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muscle or muscles producing the characteristic movements of a joint
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agonist
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muscle that works with the prime mover
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antagonist
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muscles that are responsible for the opposite action of the prime mover joint
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fixator muscle
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muscles that stabilize joints while the prime movers are acting
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motor unit
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one motor nerve fiber (axone) + all muscle fibers (cells) it innervates
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eccentric contractions
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muscles that are electrically active but undergo little or no change in intrinsic length; act to stabilize joints or store energy
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bursa
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closed connective tissue sac containing synovial fluid and acting to reduce friction during movement
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synovial tendon sheaths
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double-layered, elongated sacs containing synovial fluid that wrap tendons as they pass through osseous or fibrous grooves
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sesamoid bones
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bones located in certain tendons or joint capsules as small, rounded nodules; may form in response to friction or form prenatally; increase surface area for attachment of tendons over certain joints
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fascia
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connective tissue that envelopes, separates, and/or connects muscles, vessels, and nerves
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coele
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cavity, hollow
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col
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neck, collar
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con
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with, together
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conch
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shell
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condylus
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knuckle
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coracoid
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beak-like
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corn
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horn
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corona
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crown
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cortico
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bark, shell
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costa
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rib
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coxa
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hip
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cranium
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head
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crux, cruci
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cross
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crus
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leg
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crypt
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hidden
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cubitus
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elbow
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cutis
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skin
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cyan
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dark blue
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cyte
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cell, hollow
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de
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down, from
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delta
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triangular
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dent
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tooth
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derma
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skin
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di
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double, twice
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muscle groups of the thigh (for this test)
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caudal and medial muscles of the thigh, lateral pelvis muscles of the rump, and caudal muscles of the hip
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caudal muscles of the thigh
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biceps femoris, semitendinous, semimembranosis
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function of the caudal muscles of the thigh
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extend the coxal joint
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medial muscles of the thigh
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Sartorius, gracilis, pectineus, adductor
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function of the medial muscles of the thigh
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adduct the limb
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lateral pelvis (muscles of the rump)
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tensor fasciae latae, superficial gluteal, middle gluteal, deep gluteal, piriformis
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function of the lateral pelvis (muscles of the rump)
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?
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caudal muscles of the hip
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internal obturator, gemelli, quadrates femoris, external obturator
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function of the caudal muscles of the hip
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rotate the limb laterally
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biceps femoris
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Origin: ischiatic tuberosity and sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: patella, cranial tibia, and tuber calcanei (via extensive aponeurosis) Action: extend coxal joint, extend tarsal joint; variable action on genual joint; abduct the limb |
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semitendinosus
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Origin: ischiatic tuberosity
Insertion: proximal tibia and tuber calcanei Action: extend coxal joint, extend tarsal joints, variable action on genual joint |
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semimembranosus
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Origin: ischiatic tuberosity
Insertion: distal femur and proximal tibia Action: extend coxal joint; variable action on genual joint |
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sartorius
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Origin: ilium (crest)
Insertion: patella and cranial tibia Action: flex coxal joint, variable action on genual joint |
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gracilis
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Origin: pelvic symphysis
Insertion: cranial tibia and tuber calcanei Action: adduct limb, extend coxal joint, extend tarsal joints; flex genual joint |
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pectineus
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Origin: iliopubic eminence
Insertion: distal body of femur Action: adduct the limb |
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adductor
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Origin: ventral surface of os coxa
Insertion: caudal surface of femur Action: adduct limb, extend coxal joint |
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tensor fasciae latae
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Origin: tuber coxae
Insertion: fascia lata Action: flex coxal joint, tense fasia lata and aid extension of genual joint |
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superficial gluteal
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Origin: sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: third trochanter of femur Action: extend coxal joint, abduct the limb |
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middle gluteal
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Origin: gluteal surface of ilium
Insertion: greater trochanter of femur Action: extend coxal joint, rotate limb medially (cranial portion rotates medially; pronation) |
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piriformis (deep caudal portion of middle gluteal)
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Origin: sacrum and first caudal vertebra
Insertion: greater trochanter of femur Action: extend coxal joint |
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deep gluteal
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Origin: body of ilium, ischiatic spine
Insertion: greater trochanter (deep to medial gluteal m) Action: extend coxal joint |
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overall AOI of caudal muscles of the hip
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Origin: os coxae, near obturator foramen
Insertion: trochanteric fossa Action: rotate pelvic limb laterally |
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external obturator
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Origin: ventral aspect of os coxa around obturator foramen
Insertion: trochanteric fossa Action: adduct limb and rotate it laterally |
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internal obturator
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Origin: dorsal aspect of os coxa around obturator foramen
Insertion: trochanteric fossa Action: rotate limb laterally |
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gemelli
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Origin: lateral aspect ischium
Insertion: trochanteric fossa Action: rotate limb laterally |
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quadrates femoris
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Origin: ventral aspect of ischium
Insertion: caudal femur near trochanteric fossa Action: rotate limb laterally; extend coxal joint |
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location of popliteal lymph node
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o Lies in fat at the caudal/medial border of biceps femoris; directly caudal to the stifle; at lateral border of semitendinosus; inserted via the cranial fascia lata
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what is the common calcaneal tendon?
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strand of heavy fascia that runs to tuber calcanei as a combination of tendons inserting upon this structure
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where is the common calcaneal tendon located and which muscles contribute to its formation
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o Tendons include: biceps femoris m., semitendinosus m., gracilis m., gastrocnemius m., superficial digital flexor m.
o 2 heads of gastrocnemius m. and biceps femoris m. contribute majority of this tendon |
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what is the femoral triangle?
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triangular space through which femoral vessels run to and from pelvic limb; Contains the femoral artery and vein (vein lies caudally to artery) and saphenous vein
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describe the muscles that form the boundary of the femoral triangle
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o Proximal boundary: abdominal wall
o Cranial boundary: Sartorius m o Caudal border: pectineus m. |
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Identify the sacrotuberous ligament, its attachments, and the muscles that originate from it
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o Collagenous band that runs from sacrum to the lateral angle of the ischaitic tuberosity
o Lies caudally and deep to the superficial gluteal o Biceps femoris m., superficial gluteal m., piriformis m., and caudal crural abductor m. (slip of biceps femoris) originate from this |
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muscles of pelvic limb which normally posses sesamoid bones in their tendons
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o Patella: sesamoid bone in the tendon of insertion of quadriceps femoris
o 2 sesamoid bones of gastrocnemius muscle o Sesamoid bone in tendon of origin of popliteus m. |
