Anatomy Semester 1 Final

Front 1

anatomy

Back 1

studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

Front 2

physiology

Back 2

concerned with the function of the body, how to body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities

Front 3

catabolic metabolism

Back 3

breaks down substances into their simpler building blocks

Front 4

anabolic metabolism

Back 4

synthesizes more complex cellular structures from simpler substances

Front 5

positive feedback

Back 5

the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated (labor and delivery, blood clotting)

Front 6

negative feedback

Back 6

maintain physiological function or keep blood chemicals within narrow ranges (control of blood volume level by ADH hormone)

Front 7

receptors

Back 7

monitors the environment and responds to changes by sending information to the control center

Front 8

control center

Back 8

analyzes the input it receives and determines the appropriate response or course of action

Front 9

effector

Back 9

provides the means for the control center’s response

Front 10

integumentary system

Back 10

hair, nails, skin: forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands

Front 11

skeletal system

Back 11

bones and joints: protects and supports body organs, provides a framework for the muscles to cause movement, blood cells are formed within bones, bones store minerals

Front 12

muscular system

Back 12

muscles: allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression, maintains posture, and produces heat

Front 13

nervous system

Back 13

brain, nerves, spinal cord: responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Front 14

endocrine system

Back 14

pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, testis, ovaries: glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells

Front 15

cardiovascular system

Back 15

heart and blood vessels: blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and the heart pumps blood

Front 16

lymphatic system

Back 16

red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes: picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream, houses white blood cells involved in immunity

Front 17

respiratory system

Back 17

nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi: keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide, gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

Front 18

digestive system

Back 18

oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus: breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells

Front 19

urinary system

Back 19

kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra: eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

Front 20

reproduction system

Back 20

male and female reproductive organs: the production of offspring

Front 21

anatomical position

Back 21

the body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms face forward and the thumbs point way from the body

Front 22

prone position

Back 22

the ventral side is down, and the dorsal side is up

Front 23

supine position

Back 23

lying down with the face up

Front 24

dorsal body cavity

Back 24

contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity

Front 25

thoracic body cavity

Back 25

contains the heart and lungs

Front 26

abdominal cavity

Back 26

contains digestive organs

Front 27

pelvic cavity

Back 27

contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Front 28

CT scans

Back 28

use radiation, more expensive because they are more detailed than x rays

Front 29

MRIs

Back 29

similar to CT scans but uses magnets

Front 30

ultrasounds

Back 30

use sound waves to produce images

Front 31

angiogram

Back 31

imaging test that used x rays to view blood vessels

Front 32

auscultation

Back 32

listening to the sounds made by internal organs

Front 33

meninges

Back 33

coverings of the brain

Front 34

palpation

Back 34

using your hands to examine the body

Front 35

percussion

Back 35

tapping on the surface to determine the underlying structure

Front 36

pericardial

Back 36

encloses the heart and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others)

Front 37

pleural

Back 37

encloses the lungs

Front 38

parietal

Back 38

lines the cavity walls

Front 39

visceral

Back 39

covers the organs in the cavity

Front 40

nervous tissue

Back 40

brain, spinal cord, nerves

Front 41

muscle tissue

Back 41

muscles attached to bones, of the heart, and walls of hollow organs

Front 42

epithelial tissue

Back 42

lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs, skin surface

Front 43

connective tissue

Back 43

bones, tendons, fat and other soft padding

Front 44

squamous

Back 44

flattened and scale-like cells

Front 45

cuboidal

Back 45

box-like

Front 46

columnar

Back 46

tall and column shaped

Front 47

simple

Back 47

consist of a single layer and are usually very thin, protection is not one of their specialties

Front 48

stratified

Back 48

contain two or more cell layers, durable, basal cells divide and push apically to replace the older surface cells

Front 49

pseudostratified

Back 49

all cells rest on the basement membrane but only the tallest cells reach the surface

Front 50

transitional

Back 50

forms the lining of hollow urinary organs which stretch as they fill with urine

Front 51

polarity

Back 51

cell regions near the apical surface differ from those near the basal surface