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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are Girdles
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Bones that attach appendages to the trunk of the axial skeleton
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What are the 2 types of Girdles
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Pelvic
Pectoral |
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What are the characteristics of the Pectoral Girdle?
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Attaches the arms to the trunk
Consists of the Clavicle and Scapula |
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What are the the Characteristics of the Pelvic Girdle?
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Larger b/c It is weight bearing
Consists of 2 hip bones (os coxa) which are a fusion of the illium, ishium and pubis bones |
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What are the parts of the Clavicle?
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Sternal End- joins with manubrium
Acromial End- Joins with Scapula Conoid Tubercle- inferior surface of acromial end Costal tuberosity- found at sternal end |
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What is the scapula?
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triangle shaped bone that enables attachment of appendages, muscles, tendons, and ligaments
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what is the Glenoid Cavity?
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where the scapula articulates with the humerous to create the sholder joint
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What is the Acromion Process?
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Rounded part where the clavicle will attach
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what is the Coracoid Process?
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attachment site for the short head of the biceps bracii muscle
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What are the Scapular Regions?
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Surpraspinous fossa- above spine of scapula
infraspinous fossa- below spine of scapula both are sites of muscle attachment , serve to stabilize |
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What does teh upper limb consist of?
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humerus
ulna radius carpal bones of wrist metacarpals and phalanges |
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What is the Humerus?
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Articulates with the scapula at the glendoid cavity
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What are the condyle regions of the Humerus
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Trochlea- articulates with the ulna
Capitulum-larger, rounded and articulates with the head of the radius |
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What is the ulna?
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larger bone is medial to the radius
found in the antibrachieum |
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what is the trochlear notch?
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where the ulna interlocks with the trochlea of the humerus
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what is the styloid process?
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these are the bones that stick out at our wrist joint and help to stabilize the wrist
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what is the radius?
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The bone that joins with the ulna and capitulm
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what is the radial tuberosity?
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it is an attachment site for the bicep brachii muscle which allows for the bending and flexion of the elbow
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What it the antebrachial interosseous membrane?
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the membrane which holds together the ulna and the radius
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How many bones form the carpal and what are their names?
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8 bones
scaphoid lunate triquetrum pisiform tripizum trapizoid capitate hamate |
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How many metacarpal bones are there?
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5, they articulate with the distal carpal bones to support the palm and hand
are identified 1=thumb, v= pinky |
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How many phalanges are there in each hand and how are they organized?
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14
distal phalanx, medial phalanx, Proximal phalanx |
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what do the hip bones (os coxa) consits of?
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A fusion of 3 bones :
ilium- largest, greatest amount of space for muscle attachment ischium- fuses with the ilium and pubis, strongest of the bones pubis - circle the obtruator foramen, fused with the ilium and ischium |
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What are the features of the os cocxa?
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Iliac Crest- atachement site for ligaments
Arucrate line Greater saiatic notch- where blood vessels and nerves run to the leg obturator foramen- site for muscles to run through |
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what does the pelvis consist of?
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2 hip bones
sacrum and coccyx |
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what is the greater (false) pelvis?
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subdivision of the pelvis
found above the pelvic brim |
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what is the lesser (true) pelvis?
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found below the brim
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what is the pelvic inlet?
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opening into the true pelvis
space enclosed by the pelvic brim |
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what is the pelvic outlet
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bordered by two spines (ischial) and runs from tip of coccxy to the inferior surface of the pubis
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How can you tell from the pelvis whether the person was a male or female?
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if the pubic angle is acute = male
if the pubic angle is obtuse= female |
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what are the parts of the femur?
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longest and heaviest bone in the body
head neck shaft lateral and medial epicondyles |
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what is the linea aspera?
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line that runs along the shaft and serves as attachment to adductor muscles
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what is the popliteal surface?
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the back of the knee
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what is the tibia?
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large medial bone of the leg
the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia articulate with those of the femur |
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what is teh intercondylar eminence?
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it separates the medial and lateral condyle of the tibia
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what is the anterior crest?
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raised part of the bone that you can feel running down the shin
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what is the medial malleolus?
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makes up the ankle joint along with the malleolus of the fibula and inferior articular surfaces of the tibia
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what is the fibula?
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slender and parelles the border of the tibia, head articiulates with the tibia
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what is the lateral malleolus?
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provides stability of the ankle joint by preventing medial sliding
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what is the tarsus?
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second largest bone in the foot helps to transmit body weight from tibia toward toes
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what is the calcaneus?
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the heel bone, largest of the tarsal bones
where most of the weight is transfered before it is transfered to the ground attachment site for the achilles tendon |
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what is the cuboid?
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bone that articualtes with the lateral surface of the calcaneus
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how many bones are in the tarsal?
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7
3 cuneiform bones cuboid naviular talus calcaneus |
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what is the navicular?
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located on the medial side of the ankle and articulates with the surface of the talus
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what are the cuneiform bones?
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3 bones arranged in a row with articulations between them
named according to postion: medial, intermediate, lateral |
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How many phalagx bones are there in the foot?
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14 on each foot
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How many metatarsal bones are there?
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5
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what is the definition of a joint?
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any point where 2 bones meet
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How do you classify Joints?
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Based on their range of motion:
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what is a synarthrois joint and what are some examples?
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immovable joint
- suture -Gomphosis- teeth -synchondrosis - 2 bones by cartillage -synostosis- jointe by DCT |
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what is a amphiarthrosis joint?
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slightly moveable joints
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what is a syndesmosis joint
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slightly movable joint joined by connective tissue
- radius ulna |
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what is a symphysis joint?
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joints separated by a wedge or pad of fibrous cartilage
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what are diarthrosis joints?
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freely movable joints
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what is a synovial joint?
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a diarthrosis joint, that permits a wide range of motion and subdivided by number of directions of movement
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what is gliding movement?
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linear motion
two opposing surfaces slide past one another slight movement, in any direction ex. articulating carpal bones |
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what are the types of angular motion?
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abduction, adduction
flexion, extension hyperextension circumduction rotation |
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what is flexion ?
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decreae the angle between bones such as using the hamstring machine
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what is abduction?
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movement away from the axis of the body, outer thigh machiine
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what is adduction
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towards the body of axis, the inner thigh machine
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what is circumduction?
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Angular Motion
moving your arm in a loop, such as drawling a circle on the board |
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what is rotation?
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Angular motion
it is rotation around a point, axis |
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what are the 2 types of rotation?
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pronation- front to back movement
supination- back to front movement |
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what are the Special types of movements?
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Eversion,Inversion
Elevation, Depression Plantar Flexion, Dorsiflexion Protraction, Retraction Opposition |
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what is elevation and depression?
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E- moving up, closing mouth
D- moving down, opening mouth |
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what is eversion and inversion?
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E-moving foot outward laterally
I-moving food inward laterally |
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what is plantar flexion and Dorsiflexion
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P- Ballet point foot
D-locking ankle (kicking a ball) |
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What is protraction and retraction
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P- moving a body part anteriorly in a horizontal plane
R-reverse movement |
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What is opposition
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being able to bring your thumb to your pinky, opposable thumbs
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what is the function of Articular Cartilage?
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covers ends of bones in joints to prevent them from fusing together
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what is a joint capsule?
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a joint capsule surrounds the joint cavity with a layer of dense connective tissue and contains synovial fluid
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What are the functions of a synovial membrane?
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lines joint cavity
produces synovial fluid, lubrication provides nourishment Acts as a shock absorber |
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what are bursae
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fludid filled sacs tha provide extra shock aborbance, prevent patella from rubbing against the femur
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What is the purpose of acessory ligaments?
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support and strengthen and reinforce synovial joints
can be found extracapsular or intracapuslar |
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What are tendons?
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they are made of dense connective tissue and attach one bone to another
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What is a ball and socket joint
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Triaxial synovial joint
sholder and hip |
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what is a condyloid joint
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synovial joint that consists of a rounded surface that fits into a rounded convex surface
allows for biaxial movement metacarpals and phalanges |
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what is the strength vs. Mobility idea reguarding Joints?
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you can not have a very strong and movable joint due to limits of range of motion
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What is a pivot joint?
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monaxial synovial joint that permits rotation around an axis
head on the cervical axis vertebrae |
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what are limits of range of motion?
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shape of the articulating surfaces
Presences of ligaments and collagen fibers Tension in the tendons presences of other structures (muscles) |
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what are intervertebral joints
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amphiarthrosis joints that hold the vertebrae together by means of intervertebral discs
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what are the strutrues that make up an inetervertebral disc
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annulus fibrosis- outside make of fibrous cartilage
Nucleus pulpous- inside, watery shock absrober |
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What is an ANterior longitudinal ligament?
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connects arteriro surfaces of each vertebral body
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what are posterior longitudinal ligaments?
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parellels anterioir longitudinal ligament
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what is the ligamentum flavum
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connets one lamina to the next
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what is the interspinous ligament
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connects spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
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what is the supraspinous ligament
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interconnects tips of spinous processes from C7 to sacrum and extends to the base of the skull
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what are the vertebral movements?
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anterior flexion- bend forward
laterl flexion Rotation Extension- bending backwards |
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What are some charateristics of the Glenohumoral joint?
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permits greatest range of motion out of all the joints,
ball and socket joint glenoid labrum |
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what is a glenoid labrum
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deep socket at glenoid fossa formed by fiborcartillage
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what is the glenohumoral ligaments
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help to hold the humerus in the socket, attaches around the glenoid cavity to the the head of the humerus
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what is the coracromial ligament
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attaches the coracoid to the clavicle
most commonly torn, stabilizes sholder joint |
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what is the coracohumeral ligament
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base of the coracoid to the humerus
strenthens arteiral capsule helps support weight of upper limb |
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what is the Acromioclaviular ligament?
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acromion to clavicle
restricts clavicular movement |
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what is the coracoclavicular ligament
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attaches at the coracoid to the clavicle
limit relative motion btwn clavicle and scapula |
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what is the transverse humeral ligament
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extends between the greater and lesser tubercle holds down brachii muscle
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What Muscles and tendons are found in the sholder?
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Rotator cuff muscles which support the sholder and limit movement
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where are the bursae found in the sholder?
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subacromial- btwn acromion & humerus
subcoracoid- btwn coracoid and humerus subdeltoid- btwn deltoid and humerus subscapular-btwn large musles |
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What is teh Humerolulnar joint
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the elbow joint , monaxial hinge joint
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what are the ligaments of the humeroulnar joint?
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radial collateral ligament
Anular ligament Ulnar collateral ligament |
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What is the Hip Joint?
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triaxial synovial joint ball and socket, but not as movable bc bares weight
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what is the articular capsule of the hip joint?
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made of dense strong deep tissue which limits mobility
thick fiborcartilage pad for cushioning |
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what are the ligaments of the hip joint?
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iliofemoral
ishiofemoral ishiofemoral transverse acetabular ligimentum capitis |
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What is the Knee Joint?
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Hinge Joint that permits extension flexion and some rotation
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what are the articulations of the knee joint?
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medial condyle of the femur and tibia
lateral condyle of femur and tibia patella and femur |
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what is the artcular capsle of the knee joint?
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no single unified capsule of the knee or a common synovial cavity
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what are the medial and lateral menisci
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act as cushions and provide lateral stability
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where are fat pads found and what are they
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in the knee, provide padding around joint to reduce friction between the patella and other tissue
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what are the ligaments of the knee joint?
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patellar
anterior and posterior cruciate tibia and fibula collateral popliteal - femur and head of tibia and fibula t reinforce back of the knee |
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what are the functions of the skeletal muscles?
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movement
posture support of soft tissues guard entrances and exits Maintain body temperature |
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what is the epimysium?
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dense layer of CT that surrounds entire skeletal muscle
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what is teh perimysium
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divide the muscle into compartments containing muscle fibers called fasciles
(kinda like cytoplasm of the muscle) |
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what is the endomysium
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surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber and binds them together
(like the membrane of a cell) Myosatellite cells are found here |
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what are myosatellite cells?
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repair damaged muscle fibers
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Where are nerves and blood vessels found in skeletal muscle?
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in the CT of the epimysium perimysium and endomysium
BV-branched through CT in capillary network is found around each muscle fiber |
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what are the functions of skeletal muscle nerves?
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enable voluntary contractions by means of chemical communications between the synaptic terminal of the neruon and skeletal muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction
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What is the Sarcolemma?
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specialized muscle membrane
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what is scarcoplasm
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specialized muscle cytoplasm
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what are the differences in muscle fibers from regular cells?
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striated, very long
multinucleated (myoblasts fuse) myofibrils= cylindicular contain actin and myosin |
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what is the scarcoplasm retiuculum
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surround myofibril helps spread messages from sarcolemma to the cell
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what are transverse tubules of skeletal muscles?
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stimulate and coordinate muscle contractions by spreading electrical singnals
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what are myofilaments ?
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protien filaments containing actin (thin) and myosin (thick)
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what is a scaromere?
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repeatiing untis of actin and myosin
unit of contraction within skeletal muscle |
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what is a M line?
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center part of a scaromere, middle filled with thick myosin filaments
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what are z lines and where are they found?
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thin filaments (actin) found on either side of the M line and within a sacromere
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what is the Aband?
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area contining thick filaments
which include the M line, and H zone |
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what is the I band?
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btwn A band and Z line containing thick filaments
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what is the sliding filament therory?
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myosin makes a connection with actin causing myosin to pull the actin towards the center (m line)
this causes a decrease in the I band and h zone but the a band stays the same this continues until it is pulled to the center as far as possible = contraction |
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what is a motor nerve?
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forms a chemical synapse withthe muscle cell reffered to as a neruomusuclar juntion
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What is the Motor End Plate
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highly excitable region of muscle fiber responsible for initiation of action potentials across muscle surface- causing the muscle to contract
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What is the Synaptic knob ?
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Knob= terminal which contains synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine
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What is the synaptic Cleft
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separate the synaptic terminal from the motor end plate and contain enzymes that break down acetylcholine
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What is a Muscle twitch?
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quick contraction of the muscle followed by relaxion
each twitch is one nerve impulse |
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what is a summation?
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addition of contractions until there is a tetanus reached
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what is a tetanus?
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smooth sustained contraction
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what is a fast oxidative muscle fiber?
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Get energy through ATP, produced from cellular respiration
intermediate speed |
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What are slow oxidative muscle fibers?
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High numbers of mitochondria
Red appearance= high amounts of myoglobin cellular respiration for ATP use for sustained strength |
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what are fast glycolytic fibers?
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white fibers, few mitochondria
ATP from Glycolysis thus fastest but not sustained long |
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Where are the different types of muscles found?
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most muscle contain a mixture of the fibers and can change depending upon how you use them (physical conditioning)
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What is parallel Muscle organization?
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most muscles organized in this fashion, run evenly from one end to the other
central part = the belly or body |
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What is convergent muscle organization?
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broad base and narrow towards the tendon (Chinese fan shaped)
more versatile , produce more force |
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what is pennate muscle organization?
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Produce the most amount of force
3 kinds unipennate- 1 flag bipennate - leaf like, tendon runs center multipennate- branching tendon |
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What are circular muscles?
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also called sphinter muscle
gurard entrances and exits |
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What is the Lever System?
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Sytem for how muscle work together
consiting of a fulcrum = joint, the force or effort= contraction of muscle, and resistance = body part that is going to be moved as a result of a contractoin |
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What are the classes of levers?
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First Class- Fulcrum between effort and resistance : neck muscles
Second class- resistance between fulcrum and effort : Calf raises 3rd Class- Effort between fulcrum and resistance : flexing biceps |
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What is an origin and Insertion?
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Origin= bone which muscle attaches
Insertion=what will be moved when contraction takes place |
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What are prime Movers?
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muscles that when they contract are responsible for movement at that joint
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what are synergist muscles?
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helper muscles of the prime movers
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what are antagonists?
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muscles which work in the opposing direction as the prime mover
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What is the function of the neural system?
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detects internal and external changes
sensory info coordinating voluntary and involuntary muscle reglates other tissues and systems |
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what are the subdivisions of the Nervous system?
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Central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral (everything else)
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What is the Afferent Division?
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Division on the PNS
carry Sensory info from the body to the CNS |
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what is the efferent Division?
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Division of the PNS- Motor
Regulates automatic (involuntary) and somatic muscles (voluntary) |
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what are glial Cells?
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support neurons, provide structural framework, produce myelin , carry out phagocytosis
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what cells are found in the PNS?
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Schwann cells
Satelite cells |
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what are schwann cells?
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responsible for surrounding nerve cell processes with myelin, produce myelin
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what are satellite cells ?
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support neurons physiologically maintain homeostasis
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