Anatomy - Lab 3 Quiz

Front 1

What is the composition of the ECM of bone?

Back 1

- 15% water

- 30% collagen fibers

- 55% crystallized mineral salts

Front 2

What component of bone provides tensile strength and flexibility?

Back 2

Collagen fibers

Front 3

What component of bone provides hardness?

Back 3

Crystallized inorganic mineral salts

Front 4

Compare the untreated, baked, and acid-treated bones

Back 4

- untreated: moist, sturdy against force, still tissue attached, pink

- baked: dry, brittle, flaky, orange-y

- acid-treated: flexible, some decay in ends, look almost rubbery, red

Front 5

Which of the compared bones was brittle? What substance has been damaged that would increase bone breakage?

Back 5

- the baked bone is brittle

- collagen fibers have been damaged. Decreases flexibility

Front 6

Which observed bone was the softest? What substance has been leached from the soft bone?

Back 6

- acid-treated

- de-crystallized inorganic mineral salts were leached

Front 7

Compare/identify distinguishing features of the three types of vertebrae

Back 7

Cervical: small, one vertebral and two transverse foramina, slender often bifid spinous process (C2-C6), small transverse processes, posterosuperior superior articular facet and anteroinferior inferior articular facet, thick vertebral discs relative to body size

Thoracic: larger, one vertebral foramina, long and fairly thick spinous process, fairly large transverse processes, articular facets for ribs present, posterolateral superior articular facets, anteromedial inferior articular facets, thin intervertebral discs relative to bodies

Lumbar: largest, one vertebral foramina, short and blunt spinous processes (project posteriorly rather than inferiorly), large and blunt transverse processes, absent articular facets for ribs, medial superior facets, lateral inferior facets, massive intervertebral discs

Front 8

Compare and contrast normal/abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column

Back 8

- original curve in fetus is concave when viewing anteriorly

- thoracic and sacral match original

- cervical and lumbar in opposing direction

- abnormalities: scoliosis (a lateral bending of the vertebral column), kyphosis (increase in thoracic curve), lordosis (increase in lumbar curve)

Front 9

Which bones make up the pectoral and pelvic girdles?

Back 9

pectoral: clavicle and scapula

Front 10

What are intervertebral discs made up of?

Back 10

- each has an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage called the annulus fibrosis and an inner soft, pulpy, mucoid substance called the nucleus pulposus

Front 11

What is the difference between true, false, and floating ribs?

Back 11

True: 1-7 (have costal cartilage connecting directly to sternum)

False: 8-12 (attached to costal cartilage indirectly or not at all (costal cartilage joins costal cartilage from true ribs)

Floating: 11-12 (don't attach to sternum at all)

Front 12

What makes up the sacroiliac joint?

Back 12

The auricular surface of the sacrum articulates with the ilium of each hip bone

Front 13

How are the phalanges divided?

Back 13

- great toe: hallux

- thumb: pollex

- labelled 1-5, always originates at big toe/thumb

proximal (closest to body), middle, and distal phalanges

Front 14

Superior articular facets of atlas articulates with:

Back 14

occipital condyles of skull

Front 15

Dens/odontoid process articulates with:

Back 15

vertebral foramen of atlas

Front 16

Facets of transverse processes of thoracic verebrae articulate with:

Back 16

articular part of tubercle of rib

Front 17

Demifacets on the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with:

Back 17

head of rib

Front 18

Superior articular processes of vertebrae articulate with:

Back 18

inferior articular process of superior vertebrae

Front 19

Inferior articular processes of vertebrae articulate with:

Back 19

Superior articular process of inferior vertebrae

Front 20

Superior articular process of sacrum articulates with:

Back 20

Fifth lumbar vertebrae

Front 21

Auricular surface of sacrum articulates with:

Back 21

Ilium of each hip bone (sacroiliac joint)

Front 22

Sternal end of clavicle articulates with:

Back 22

manubrium of sternum

Front 23

Acromial end of clavicle articulates with:

Back 23

Acromion of scapula

Front 24

Scapula articulates with:

Back 24

acromion: with acromial end of clavicle (acromioclavicular joint)

glenoid cavity: with head of humerus (glenohumeral joint)

Front 25

Head of humerus articulates with:

Back 25

glenoid cavity of scapula

Front 26

Trochlea of humerus articulates with:

Back 26

Trochlear notch of ulna

Front 27

Coronoid process of ulna articulates with:

Back 27

Coronoid fossa of humerus

Front 28

Olecranon of ulna articulates with:

Back 28

Olecranon fossa of humerus

Front 29

Head of radius articulates with:

Back 29

- capitulum of humerus

- radial notch of ulna

Front 30

Head of femur articulates with:

Back 30

acetabulum of hip bone (coxal joint)

Front 31

Medial condyle of femur articulates with:

Back 31

medial condyle of tibula

Front 32

Lateral condyle of femur articulates with:

Back 32

lateral condyle of tibula

Front 33

Articular facets of patella articulate with:

Back 33

- one for medial condyle of femur

- one for lateral condyle of femur

Front 34

Medial maleolus of tibia articulates with:

Back 34

talus of ankle

Front 35

Head of fibula articulates with:

Back 35

inferior surface of lateral condyle of tibia (proximal tibiofibular joint)

Front 36

Lateral maleolus of fubla articulates with:

Back 36

talus of ankle

Front 37

List the 4 types of bones and give one example of each type.

Back 37

long --> humerus

short --> trapezoid, wrist bone

flat --> sternum

irregular --> vertebra

sesamoid --> patella

Front 38

How many pairs of ribs are there?

Back 38

12

Front 39

What is the function of the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus?

Back 39

Attach to tendons of most muscles of the forearm

Front 40

Do the carpal bones articulate with both radius and ulna distally?

Back 40

The proximal row of carpal bones articulates with the distal end of the ulna and radius to form the wrist joint

Front 41

Reconstruct the os coxae with the sacrum and name the points of articulation posteriorly and anteriorly

Back 41

Articulate with sacrum at sacroiliac joint, and with each-other anteriorly at pubic symphisis

Front 42

What is the function of the obturator foramen?

Back 42

Surrounded by the ramus and pubis. Blood vessels and nerves pass through it

Front 43

If someone kicked you in the shin, what anatomically have they kicked?

Back 43

Tibia

Front 44

Which is the weight bearing bone of the leg?

Back 44

Tibia

Front 45

What is the function of the fibula?

Back 45

Is non-weight-bearing, but helps to stabilize the ankle joint

Front 46

Why are the first 2 cervical vertebrae very different in structure to the remaining cervical vertebrae?

Back 46

They allow for rotation of the head in "yes" and "no" directions, which is reflected in their structures

Front 47

What are three distinguishing features of the cervical vertebrae that you can use to distinguish them from vertebrae of the other spinal regions?

Back 47

- vertebral bodies are smaller

- arches are larger

- foramen in transverse process

Front 48

What are three distinguishing features of the thoracic vertebrae that you can use to distinguish them from vertebrae of the other spinal regions?

Back 48

- considerably larger than cervical and become progressively larger toward inferior

- longer and larger transverse processes

- costal facets (articular surfaces for ribs)

Front 49

What are three distinguishing features of the lumbar vertebrae that you can use to distinguish them from vertebrae of the other spinal regions?

Back 49

- largest and strongest of unfused vertebrae

- lack transverse foramina

- absence of costal articular facets

- large, block-like bodies with kidney-shaped articular surfaces