Anatomy And Physiology Paramedic Quiz 1 Study Guide

Front 1

▪Definition and example of the anatomic position

Back 1

The subject is standing upright facing the observer with arms straight and palms of hands forward.

Front 2

▪Know all body planes.
Frontal/coronal, transverse/cross horizontal, median/midsagittal/midline, sagittal

Back 2

Definition of following planes; frontal/coronal-front and back halves, transverse/cross-horizontal-top and bottom halves from the navel, median/midsagittal/midline-left and right halves at the middle, sagittal plane-parallel to median plane dividing the body in unequal right and left halves.

Front 3

▪Know all body positioning.
Prone, supine, fowler/semi-fowler, left lateral recumbent/recovery, recumbent, Trendelenbury's/shock.

Back 3

Definition of the follow positioning; prone-abd down face down, supine-back down, fowler and semi-fowler-sitting up, left lateral recumbent position/recovery-on left side so that clearing the airway is easier, recumbent-laying back, Trendelenburg's/shock position-lower ext. are elevated in order to increase flow to the core.

Front 4

▪Definition of homeostasis

Back 4

The maintenance of a stable internal physiologic environment.

Front 5

▪Know directional terminology and what portion of the body it represents (torso vs. extremities)

Back 5

Torso will use the following; lateral, medial, anterior, posterior, cranial/cephalad, caudad, superior, and inferior. Extremities will use the following; distal, proximal, lateral, medial, superior, and inferior.

Front 6

▪Definition of physiology

Back 6

The study of the body functions and the living organism.

Front 7

Organs within abdominal right upper quadrant (3 main, 4 other)

Back 7

The 3 Main organs within the right upper quad are the liver, gall bladder, and Rt kidney.
The 4 others include areas of the pancreas, stomach, small, and large intestine.

Front 8

Organs within abdominal left upper quadrant (4 main, 3 other)

Back 8

The 4 main organs within the left upper quad includes spleen, Lt kidney, stomach, and pancreas.
The 3 others include areas of the liver, of small and large intestine.

Front 9

Organs within abdominal right lower quadrant (1 main, 3-5 other)

Back 9

The right lower quad includes the appendix, and areas of the bladder, small, and large intestine. The female RLQ includes areas of the ovary, and uterus.

Front 10

Organs within abdominal left lower quadrant (3-5)

Back 10

The left lower quad includes areas of the bladder, small, and large intestine. The female LLQ includes areas of the ovary, and uterus.

Front 11

▪Definition of a cell

Back 11

The basic building block of all organisms, specialize for a particular function.

Front 12

▪Effects of osmotic pressure
Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic solution.

Back 12

Osmotic pressure causes a cell to either shrink, swell, or no change when place in a solution. When there is no change to the cell, the cell and solution have equal osmotic pressure the solution is called an isotonic solution, ie IV solution NS and LR. When there is a greater osmotic pressure in the solution than in the cell, the pressure will cause the cell to shrink, crenation, this solution is called hypertonic solution. It draws water into the solution until the solute-to-sodium ratio is equal on both sides. When the osmotic pressure is less than in the cell, the cell will swell taking in the solution, taking in to much solution will cause it to burst or lysis, this solution is called hypotonic solution.

Front 13

▪Know the particles of atom

Back 13

The particles of an atom include electrons, neutrons, and protons. Electrons are negatively charged particles, protons positively, and neutrons are neutral.

Front 14

▪Definition of active transport

Back 14

The movement of a substance against the concentration or gradient, requiring energy as well as a carrier mechanism.

Front 15

▪Define and list the three primary parts of human cell

Back 15

The three primary parts of a human cell are the nucleus, protoplasm, and cell membrane.

Front 16

▪Definition of endocytosis

Back 16

Uptake of a material through the cell membrane by a membrane-bound vesicle that forms within the protoplasma. There are two types of endocytosis including phagoctosis, and pinocytosis. Phagocytosis involves solid particles known as "cell eating," pinocytosis involves liquids as "cell drinking."

Front 17

▪Definition and design of the mitochondria

Back 17

The function of mitochondria is to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Refer to as a metabolic center mitochondria uses the process of oxidative metabolism using oxygen in a chemical reaction with carbohydrates to produce ATP.

Front 18

▪List the stages of mitosis

Back 18

Mitosis is cell division of an identical and equal "daughter" cell. There are four stages of mitosis, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Within the first stage the chromosomes condense and the neuclear membrane disintegrates. Within stage two, the spindle fibers attach centromers and chromosomes aligning them along the metaphase plate. Within stage three, sister chromatids now called chromosome separate moving to opposite ends. Within stage four, chromosomes arrive at each pole, and new nuclear membrane form, thus producing two identical cells from the original parent cell.

Front 19

▪Role of ATP in the cells

Back 19

Adenoside triphosphate is the major source energy used for all chemical reactions within the body. It is the primary molecule used by cells to store and transfer energy, and is necessary for two biochemical pathways, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.

Front 20

▪Water make up of the body

Back 20

The body make up consist of 60 to 70% of water, of that 75% is in the cell, 25% outside of the cell, of that ~17.5% is in the vascular system.

Front 21

▪Definition of cation

Back 21

A positively charged ion.

Front 22

▪Definition of meiosis

Back 22

Meosis is a specialized form of cell division that occurs only in the production of mature sperm and ova. Normally, our cells contain 46 chromosomes, the diploid number, because the cell contains two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent cell. Sperm and ova only contain half, the haploid number, once they unite it combines to make the normal diploid number. The process of meiosis involves two consecutive cell divisions, each consisting of four phases.

Front 23

▪pH range of the human body

Back 23

The normal pH (potential Hydrogen) within the blood is 7.35 to 7.45 An explanation acid is a substance that increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions within a solution. A base is a substance that decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions. This concentration of hydrogen determines if the solution is acidic, basic, or neutral. Hydrogen is an acid so therefore more hydrogen means acidic, while less means more basic. In order to maintain homeostasis within the blood it must be slightly basic at 7.35 to 7.45

Front 24

▪Basic process of the Kreb's cycle

Back 24

Also known as tricarboxylic acid cycle, a sequence of reactions in an organism uses oxidation of acids to provide energy for storage in phosphate bonds (as in ATP).

Front 25

▪Make up of adipose tissue

Back 25

A specialized connective tissue that contains large amounts of lipids (fats).

Front 26

▪Muscle types

Back 26

voluntary/skeletal/striated, smooth, and cardiac

Front 27

▪Location of the mediastinum

Back 27

A large body cavity between the lungs, containing the heart, major large blood vessels, part of the esophagus, trachea, the mainstem bronchi.

Front 28

▪Definition of osmosis

Back 28

The movement of a solvent from an area of low solute concentration to high concentration through a selectively paermeable membrane. Low to high.

Front 29

▪Definition and action of ribosomes

Back 29

Organelles which contain RNA and protein. They interact with RNA from other parts of the cell to join amino acids together to form proteins.

Front 30

▪Definition of protoplasm

Back 30

Also known as cytoplasm, a viscous liquid matrix that supports all internal cellular structures and provides a convenient medium and intracellular transport of various substances.

Front 31

▪Endothermic vs. exothermic properties

Back 31

This is in reference of chemical reactions and there release or absorption of heat. When heat is absorbed it as called endothermic (within), the opposite when heat is released during a chemical reaction is call exothermic.

Front 32

▪Role of bicarbonate in the body

Back 32

Bicarbonate is an alkaline which acts as a buffer to regulate the body's pH.

Front 33

▪Responsibility of the buffer system

Back 33

The responsibility of the buffer system is to regulate pH.

Front 34

▪S&S of dehydration in children

Back 34

Fewer diapers, crying without tears, skin turgor, decrease LOC, sunken fontanels, decrease Cap refill, sunken eyes.