Anatomy And Physiology Paramedic Chapter 9 The Gastrointestinal System

Front 1

Gastrointestinal (GI) system

Back 1

Also known as digestive system or gastrointestinal tract, stretches from the mouth to the anus and is composed of structures and organs involved in consumption, digestion, and elimination of food.

Hint 1

192

Front 2

List the four microscopic layers of the GI system inner to outer

Back 2

Mucosa, submucosa, adventita, serosa

Hint 2

192-193

Front 3

What layer is responsible for muscle contraction that propel food through GI system?

Back 3

Adventita (contains smooth muscle)

Hint 3

192

Front 4

Which two microscopic levels contain blood vessel and of those two list the one that has smooth muscle?

Back 4

Mucosa and submucosa

Submucosa contain smooth muscle

Hint 4

192

Front 5

Peristalsis

Back 5

The process of contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of the alimentary tract that serves to propel food through system.

Hint 5

206

Front 6

What is mechanical digestion?

Back 6

Chewing

Hint 6

193

Front 7

chemical digestion

Back 7

The process of food being digested by enzymes in the stomach and small intestine.

Hint 7

193

Front 8

Why is the large intestine important?

Back 8

Maintaining water balance by absorbing and excreting water. Also where stool is process for elimination.

Hint 8

193

Front 9

What forms the top of the abdominal cavity?

Back 9

Diaphragm

Hint 9

193

Front 10

What forms the bottom of the abdominal cavity?

Back 10

Pelvis

Hint 10

193

Front 11

List the major organs of the RUQ

Back 11

Liver, gallbladder, part of the large intestine, Rt kidney

Hint 11

193

Front 12

List the major organs of the LUQ

Back 12

Stomach, spleen, pancreas, part of the large intestine, and Lt kidney

Hint 12

193

Front 13

List the major organs of the RLQ

Back 13

Appendix, part of the large intestine, rt ureter, part of the uterus and urinary bladder

Hint 13

193

Front 14

List the major organs of the LLQ

Back 14

Part of the large intestine, Lt ovary, Lt ureter, and part of the uterus and urinary bladder.

Hint 14

194

Front 15

Mastication

Back 15

chewing

Hint 15

194

Front 16

List the glands of the salivary gland

Back 16

Parotid gland [puh-rot-id] , sublingual gland, and submandibular gland

Hint 16

194

Front 17

The primary enzyme in saliva is...

Back 17

... salivary amylase. This enzyme breaks starches and other polycharides into simple sugars. Saliva also washes the oral cavity and helps weaken bacterial action.

Hint 17

194

Front 18

List the hollow organs of GI tract

Back 18

Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and gallbladder.

Hint 18

Notes

Front 19

List the solid organs of the GI tract

Back 19

Liver, spleen, and pancreas

Hint 19

Notes

Front 20

Esophagus

Back 20

Expandable, hollow tube with a thick, muscular wall that transports food and liquid from mouth and oropharynx to the stomach. Lies in mediastinum posterior to trachea.

Hint 20

194

Front 21

What is the opening in the diaphragm that the esophagus passes through?

Back 21

Esophageal hiatus

Hint 21

194

Front 22

Stomach

Back 22

Expandable hollow organ where food begins its process of digestion as it mix with digestive juices. Forming a semiliquid mass called chyme.

Hint 22

194

Front 23

Parts of the stomach

Back 23

The opening from esophagus is called the gastroesophageal opeining, immediately opening into the cardiac region, to the left is the fundus region, below lies the body. Rugae is the fold of the stomach wall. Pyloric opening is surrounded by the pyloric sphincter between the stomach and small intestine.

Hint 23

194-195

Front 24

Digestive process of the stomach

Back 24

The inner layer of the stomach, mucosa contains gastric pits, also known as invaginations, which contain opeining for glands of the stomach, where three cells are release for digestion; the parietal, chief, and endocrine cells.

Hint 24

195

Front 25

Cells of the stomach: Parietal

Back 25

Produce hydrochloric acid used to digest food and intrinsic factor, which is important for absorption of vitamin B12.

Hint 25

195

Front 26

Cells of the stomach: Chief

Back 26

Produce pespsinogen, inactive until exposed to hydrochloric acid, causing it to rapidly convert to pepsin, which breaks down protein.

Hint 26

195

Front 27

Cells of the stomach: Endocrine

Back 27

Produce regulatory hormones including Gastrin and secretin. Hormones produced by the endocrine cells of the stomach and intestine have significant effect of motility (motion) of substance through the stomach. Gastrin increases stomach secretions as well as the rate of gastric emptying. Secretin produce by duodenum inhibits gastric motility. Other hormones that inhibit gastric motility are Cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide.

Hint 27

195

Front 28

Gastritis

Back 28

Stomach irritation caused by over production of stomach acid by the parietal [puh-rahy-i-tl] cells.

Hint 28

196

Front 29

Bacteria in the colon

Back 29

Normal flora is the normal bacteria of the colon which help to break down food, without it sever diarrhea develops. It produces gases called flatus.

Hint 29

197

Front 30

Small intestine

Back 30

The longest part of the digestive tract and the major site of food digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Hint 30

197

Front 31

The small intestine portions:

Back 31

The small intestine consist of three portions the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in that order.

Hint 31

197

Front 32

How long is the average adults small intestine?

Back 32

~24'

Hint 32

197

Front 33

Pilcae circulares

Back 33

Circular folds that run perpendicular to the long axis of the digestive tract. They function to greatly increase surface area for absorption, allowing for more effective digestion. Each fold contains fingerlike projections called villi which contain capillary and lymph capillary called lacteal.

Hint 33

197

Front 34

Small Intestine Absorptive Cells

Back 34

Absorptive cells of the small intestine produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food. Diasacharides break down sugars, and peptidases break down protein.

Hint 34

197

Front 35

Goblet cells

Back 35

Cells of the small intestine that produce a protective mucous lining.

Hint 35

197

Front 36

The common bile duct and hepatic duct drain into the...

Back 36

opening, or lumen of the duodenum at the ampulla of Vater.

Hint 36

198

Front 37

What is the junction between the ileum and large intestine?

Back 37

ileocecal junction

Hint 37

198

Front 38

Structure characteristics as the small intestine progress

Back 38

The diameter of the small intestine gradually decreases from duodenum distal so that the jejunum and ileum are smaller structures.

Hint 38

198

Front 39

The jejunum and ileum are primary sites for...

Back 39

absorption of nutrients.

Hint 39

198

Front 40

The ileum contains numerous...

Back 40

lymph nodes called Peyer's Patches.

Hint 40

198

Front 41

cecum

What is attach to the end of it?

Back 41

The blind sac at the beginning of the large intestine

The vermiform appendix

Hint 41

204

Front 42

List the four portions of the colon in order from start to finish

Back 42

The ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon.

Hint 42

198

Front 43

The colon lacks the folds and villi of the small intestine. Rater, it contains...

Back 43

numerous straight tubular glands called crypts.

Hint 43

198

Front 44

The muscle of the large intestine

Back 44

Teniae coli which are the longitudinal muscle layer of the wall of the large intestine, a portion of which encircles the colon.

Hint 44

Notes

Front 45

The appearance of the large intestine

Back 45

Haustra which are recesses that give the colon a puckered appearance.

Hint 45

Notes

Front 46

List the two sphincters of the anal canal.

Which one is under voluntary control?

Back 46

Internal sphincter and external sphincter.

The external sphincter is under voluntary control.

Hint 46

199

Front 47

Gallbladder

Back 47

A saclike organ located on the lower surface of the liver that acts as a reservoir for bile, lone of the digestive enzymes produced by the liver. The liver continually secretes bile, and the gallbladder stores it until it is released through the cystic duct during the digestion process.

Hint 47

199

Front 48

Location of the liver and it lobes

Back 48

Located in the RUQ and is the largest internal organ of the body, normally weighing about 3 lbs. Contains the left and right major lobes and the caudate and quadrate minor lobes.

Hint 48

199

Front 49

Function of the liver

Back 49

The liver's many functions include storage of glucose, protein synthesis, and filtering body wastes from the blood.

Hint 49

199

Front 50

What system does the liver gets its blood?

Back 50

Hepatoportal system

Hint 50

199

Front 51

Spleen

Back 51

Located behind the stomach in the LUQ. Function is to aid in fighting infection as well as in the removal of old red blood cells from circulation.

Hint 51

199

Front 52

Pancreas

Back 52

Located behind the stomach in the LUQ if functions to make insulin, glucagons, and digestive enzymes and secretes insulin and glucagons into the bloodstream.

Hint 52

199-200

Front 53

Pancreatic enzymes that digest proteins:

Back 53

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase

Hint 53

Notes

Front 54

Enzymes that break down fats

Back 54

Lipases

Hint 54

Notes

Front 55

Peritonitis

Back 55

Life-threatening infection of the abdominal cavity, may result when appendicitis is not treated and the appendix burst and release pus.

Hint 55

200

Front 56

Individuals with appendicitis often are tender over an area of the RLQ called the ____________

Back 56

McBurney's point

Hint 56

200

Front 57

Importance of the veins of the anal canal.

Back 57

Medications are given to the vessels that constitute the hemorrhoidal plexus, which quickly absorbed into these veins and into the remainder of the body. Abnormal dilation of these veins result in the formation of hemorrhoids.

Hint 57

201

Front 58

peritoneum

Back 58

The membranes of connective tissue that surround the digestive organs. The paietal pertoneum lines the abdominal cavity, and the visceral peritoneum lines the organs.

Hint 58

201

Front 59

retroperitoneal space

Back 59

An area behind the parietal peritoneum which includes major blood vessels, the kidneys, pancreas, and duodenum.

Hint 59

201

Front 60

cholelithiasis

Back 60

Presence of gall stones

Hint 60

202

Front 61

Cholecystitis

Back 61

A "gallbladder attack," occurs with the presence of symptoms from cholelithiasis pain, N/V.

Hint 61

202

Front 62

Mesenteries

Back 62

Parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and provide passageway for blood vessels and nerve to the organs.

Hint 62

202

Front 63

How food moves through the body

Back 63

Mouth, to esophagus, the stomach, through pyloric sphincter, to small intestine, large intestine, anal cavity, out.