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177 Cards in this Set
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ABO-Rh Blood Typing with Synthetic Blood Lab |
Drop synthetic blood in wells, drop anti-A in one well, anti-B in the other, and anti-Rh serum in the Rh well A positive agglutination indicates the blood type is present -a positive agglutination for the Rh means + |
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What is the function of an erythrocyte? |
to transport O2 and CO2 |
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Describe the appearance of a neutrophil |
categorized as granular (purple granules); 3-5 lobes linked with a small filament |
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What is the function of a neutrophil? |
they phagocytize bacteria |
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Describe the appearance of an eosinophil |
bilobed nucleus; red granules ("U" shaped *but contains granules*) |
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What is the function of an eosinophil? |
they kill parasitic worms and have a complex role in allergy and asthma |
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Describe the appearance of a basophil |
large purple granules |
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What is the function of a basophil |
release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin (anticoagulant) |
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Describe the appearance of a lymphocyte |
spherical nucleus, NO granules |
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What is the function of a lymphocyte |
mount immune response by direct cell attach or via antibodies |
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Describe the appearance of a monocyte |
U or kidney shaped nucleus; No granules |
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What is the function of a monocyte |
phagocytosis; develops into macrophages in tissues |
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Describe the appearance of platelets |
cytoplasmic fragments containing granules (purple) |
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What is the function of platelets |
seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting |
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If your blood clumped with both anti-A and anti-B sera, what is your ABO blood type? |
AB |
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What blood groups can AB give to? |
AB |
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What blood groups can AB receive from? |
A, B, AB, O |
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Why does a Rh-negative person not have a reaction with the first transfusion of Rh-positive blood? |
There are no antibodies initially present. The antibodies will form after the Rh-positive factor is recognized as foreign and antibodies will be present and elicit a response if the Rh-negative person is exposed to Rh-positive again |
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Which blood type is the universal donor |
O- |
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What can happen if the wrong blood type is given to a person? |
Agglutination and hemolysis |
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Where do leukocytes form? |
in the bone marrow |
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What is diapedesis? |
or emigration/ the ability to move in and out of blood bessels |
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What is the phrase for the most to least numerous WBCs |
Never let monkeys eat bananas Neutrophiles, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils |
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What do lymphocytes give rise to? |
B and T cells B cells give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies released in the blood T cells play a regulatory role and destroy tumors and viruses |
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What are platelets fragments of |
megakaryocytes (formed in bone marrow) |
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What is plasma made up of? |
55% proteins, H2O, solutes |
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What are formed elements |
45% from pluripotent stem cells: myeloid and lymphoid tissue: RBCs, WBCs, platelets |
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What WBC is the first to arrive at the infection cite? |
neutrophol |
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What WBCs are granulocytes |
neutrophiles, eosinophils, basophils |
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What WBCs are agranulocytes |
lymphocytes and monocytes |
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Lymphocytes branch off into what three cells |
T cells, B cells, NK (natural killer) cells |
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Average volume in body of male? female? |
5-6 L (M) / 4-5 (F) |
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What is blood classified as |
connective tissue because it consists of a nonliving fluid matrix |
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What is the nonliving fluid matrix |
plasma |
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Where are formed elements found |
in the nonliving fluid matrix/ plasma |
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What are formed elements? |
RBCs (erythrocytes), WBCs (leukocytes), platelets |
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What do RBCs lack |
nucleus |
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What WBC increases in number during prolonged infections |
monocyte |
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How long does it take for a RBC to develop |
15 days |
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How long do RBCs live |
100-120 days |
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How does the anucleate condition of a RBC affect its lifespan? |
if it had a nucleus it would be able to repair itself |
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Red dye is __ while blue dye is ___ |
red is acidic/ blue is basic |
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What is leukopenia |
abnormal increase in the number of WBCs |
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What is polycythemia |
abnormal increase in the number of RBCs |
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What is anemia |
condition of too few RBCs or RBCs with hemoglobin deficiencies |
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What is leukocytosis |
abnormal decrease in the number of WBCs |
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Where is the heart located |
within the mediastinum |
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Describe flow of the blood throughout the heart |
Blood flows from inferior and superior vena cava and coronary sinus into the: Right atrium-tricuspid valve- right ventricle- pulmonary semilunar valve- pulmonary trunk (artery)- lungs (pick up O2)- pulmonary veins- left atrium- bicuspid mitral valve- left ventricle- aortic semilunar valve, aorta- systemic circulation |
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What is the apex |
pointed apex extends slightly to the left and rests on the diaphram |
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What is the heart enclosed in |
a double walled fibroserous sac called the pericardium |
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What is the outer pericardium |
the parietal pericardium |
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What is the inner pericardium |
visceral pericardium |
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In a cross section of the heart, what does the aortic valve look like |
a "peace" sign located above the pulmonary valve (left side/ your right) |
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In a cross section of the heart, what does the pulmonary valve look like |
a "peace" sign under the aortic valve left side (your right) |
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In a cross section what does the tricuspid valve look like |
a peace sign located on the right side (looking at it is left side) |
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In a cross section what does the mitral/bicuspid valve look like |
one line horizontally across the valve |
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If the mitral valve does not close properly, which circulation is affected |
circulation on the left side to the left ventricle will be affected, so the systemic circulation is affected |
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How do you distinguish cardiac muscle from skeletal muscle |
cardiac muscle is uninucleate, has intercallated discs |
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Which ventricle is thicker? |
Left because it works harder by pumping blood to the aorta that does to the whole body |
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Why might a thrombus (blood clot) in the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery cause sudden death? |
the blood flow to the heart would be blocked causing blood to stop flowing. the heart would stop causing death |
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What is another word for cardiac muscle? |
myocardium/ involuntary heart muscle |
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What is myocardium made up of? |
cardiac muscle |
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REVIEW LABELING ASSIGNMENT OF HEART |
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What are auricles? |
act like pouches and expand to increase blood intake |
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The two inferior ventricles are lined by what |
a thin serous endothelium: endocardium |
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What is the septum that divides the heart longitudinally? |
interventricular septum |
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What blood does the right atrium receive |
without O2 |
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Where does the right atrium receive this blood from |
superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus |
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What delivers O2 rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium |
pulmonary veins |
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The right ventricle pumps blood into what |
the pulmonary trunk, which then routes the blood to the lungs to be oxygenated |
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Where does the left ventricle discharge blood to |
the aorta, from which all systemic arteries of the body diverge to supply the body tissues |
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What are the AV valves |
the atrioventricular valves: tricuspid and mitral/bicuspid valves |
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What do the chordae tendineae do |
collagenic cords anchor the cusps to the ventricular walls |
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Where do the chordae tendineae originate from where |
papillary muscles: small bundles of cardiac muscle |
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What is diastole |
when blood is filling in the ventricles |
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What is systole |
when ventricles contract |
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What happens to the flaps of ___ valve(s) during diastole |
AV valve flaps hang limply into the ventricular chambers |
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What happens to the valves during systole |
the AV valves close; prevents backflow into the atria |
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What happens to the SL valves during systole |
the SL valves (aortic and pulmonary) are forced open during systole so the ventricles can discharge their blood into the large arteries |
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What happens to the SL valves when the ventricles relax |
blood flows backward toward the heart and the cusps fill with blood, closing the SL valves which prevents arterial blood from reentering the heart |
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What is pulmonary circulation |
the right side of the heart; shunting CO2 rich blood entering its chambers to the lungs to unload carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen and then back to the left side of the heart |
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What is systemic circulation? |
Carries O2 rich blood from the left heart through the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart |
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What is coronary circulation? |
the functional blood supply of the heart is provided by the coronary arteries |
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What does the coronary sinus do? |
returns venous blood of the coronary circulation to right atrium |
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What are the differences between arteries and veins |
Arteries: smaller lumen, thicker tunica media; O2 blood, deeper in the body, more elastic, flow away from the heart, no valves Veins: larger lumen, thinner tunica media, deO2, superficial in body, less elastic, blood flow towards heart, has valves |
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What are the three tunica that make up the walls of blood vessels |
tunica externa, tunica media, tunica interna |
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Why are valves present in veins, but not arteries |
to prevent backflow b/c blood flows against gravity; arteries flow with gravity and have greater pressure |
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What is the function of the tunica externa |
the anchor |
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What is the tunica media made up of |
smooth muscle |
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What is the tunica interna made up of? |
epithelial cells that touch blood |
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What are the steps of the intrinsic conduction system? |
SA node, AV node, bundle of HIS, left and right bundle branches, purkinje |
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What is the SA node of the heart/ what does it do |
pacemaker/ generates impulses |
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When the SA node generates an impulse what does this cause |
atrial depolarization (right before P wave) |
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When the impulse reaches the AV node what happens |
the impulse is delayed at AV node; P wave |
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What happens when the signal reaches the bundle branches |
impulse passes to heart apex; ventricular depolarization begins |
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What happens when the signal reaches the purkinje fibers |
ventricular depolarization is complete: QRS complex |
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What happens in the T wave |
repolarization of the ventricles |
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What part of the upper body does the right lymphatic duct drain |
right upper quadrant of body |
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What part of the body does the thoracic duct drain |
drains to the rest of the body |
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Why is the lymphatic system a one-way system |
the lymphatic system flows to the organs and heart; the blood vascular system flows to the heart and away from the heart |
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What helps pump lymphatic fluid through the vessels |
the skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump |
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What is an antigen |
an antigen is what evokes a response form an antibody |
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What is an antibody |
An immunoglobulin/antibody is produced by sensitized B cells and their plasma cell offspring in response to an antigen |
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What is the ELISA stimulation |
Enzyme Linked Immunoabsorbant Assay |
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What principle is the ELISA based on |
antibodies produced in response to pathogens attach to their antigen targets with great specificity to form antigen-antibody complexes |
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What are the two types of ELISAs |
direct and indirect |
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What is the indirect ELISA used to detect? |
used to detect infection by testing patients' blood for the presence or absence of antibodies against a particular pathogen |
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What does the presence of antibodies indicate |
that a patient has been infected and that their body has launched an immune response against the disease causing agent |
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What is the first step of the ELISA |
to put antigen proteins purified from the infectious agent or genetically engineered versions of the antigens are dropped into the wells of a plastic microtiter plate |
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What is the second step of the ELISA |
blood serum from the patient(s) being tested is added to the treated wells |
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Why is this second step important? If they have antibodies what happens? |
If the serum samples contain antibodies against the bound antigen, the antibodies will attach to the antigens, forming tight complexes (but you cannot see them so the third step is what distinguishes them) |
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What is the third step? |
adding a secondary antibody (anti-human antibody) |
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What does this secondary antibody do? |
it recognizes antibodies produced by humans |
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What is the fourth step? |
A chromogen substrate is added to the wells of the plate. |
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What does this fourth step show? |
If present, the enzyme linked to the secondary antibody causes a chemical reaction and this reaction will change the color of chromogen |
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What does a color change entail? |
A color change indicates that the patient possesses antibodies to the antigen it has been infected with |
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What does no color change entail? |
No color change indicates that the patient has not been infected or that their body has not yet launched an immune response to produce antibodies against the invading antigen |
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Why did you perform three identical tests for each control and patient sample |
to make sure your results were accurate |
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What might cause some positive results to be lighter in color than others |
the concentration of any of the drops. there may not be many antibodies present, but enough present for it to react |
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What is respiration |
the process by which organisms obtain oxygen from their environment and by which they give off carbon dioxide |
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Pulmonary ventilation or breathing consists of what |
inspiration and expiration |
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What is inspiration |
when air is taken into the lungs |
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What is expiration |
when air passes out of the lungs |
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During inspiration what happens to the thoracic cavity |
the size of the thoracic cavity increases |
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What allows air to move into the lungs |
when the thoracic cavity increases, the intrapulmonary volume (volume within the lungs) also increases, lowering the air (gas) pressure inside the lungs |
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What happens once intrapulmonary pressure increases above atmospheric pressure |
expiration occurs |
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Respiration involves what two steps |
external respiration and internal respiration |
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What is external respiration |
the uptake of oxygen and the release of CO2 across the surface of the alveoli |
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What is internal respiration |
O2 is taken up by body tissues and CO2 is released from them |
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What is pulmonary volume |
The amount of air in the lungs at any stage of the respiratory cycle |
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What is the normal quiet breathing ml |
500mL |
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What is Tidal Volume (TV) |
amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (500mL) during exercise tidal volume can be more then 3 liters |
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What is the Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
amount of additional air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation (3300mL males; 1900mL females) |
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What is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)? |
the additional amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation (1100mL) ERV is approximately 100mL in young adult males and 700mL in young adult females |
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What is residual volume? (RV) |
the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiratory maneuver. It is important because it serves to prevent the lungs from collapsing during forced breathing; it does not change with exercise |
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What are pulmonary capacities? |
subdivisions of total lung volume that include two or more of the four basic pulmonary volumes |
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What is total lung capacity? |
the sum of four pulmonary volumes |
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What is total lung capacity? (TLC) |
the maximal amount of air that the lungs can hold when distended to the greatest possible extent |
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What is vital capacity (VC)? |
maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs following a maximal inspiration (4600mL) |
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What is the functional residual capacity? (FRC) |
the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation |
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What is inspiratory capacity (IC) |
the amount of air that can be inhaled from the endpoint of a normal exhalation |
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What did you use in the lab to measure respiratory volumes? |
BIOPAC airflow transducer; it converts airflow to volume |
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What is the equation for IRV? |
IRV= VC - (TV+ERV) |
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What is the equation for IC? |
IC= VC-ERV |
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What is the equation for TLC? |
TLC=VC+RV |
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What pump does the lymphatic system use? |
skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump |
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What is lymphatic fluid? |
interstitial fluid; picks up WBCs |
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How does fat have to do with lymphatic fluid |
it is picked up first by the lymphatic system and goes straight to the right atrium |
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What picks up lymphatic fluid and where does it go |
It is picked up from organs and it is dumped into the heart |
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What is contained in the lymph nodes? |
immune cells: B cells, T cells, macrophages, NK cells, T cells |
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What role does the spleen play in the lymphatic system |
the spleen gets rid of worn out RBCs |
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What is the difference between white and red pulp |
white pulp contains WBCs (it looks purple bc WBCs stain purple); red pulp contains blood sinusoids, macrophages |
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What are the various parts of a lymph node? |
afferent end, efferent end, cortex, germinal center, medulla |
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What is the difference between afferent and efferent? |
afferent is the side the lymph enters and then it is filtered out and Exits through the Efferent side |
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What are germinal centers? |
contains many B cells |
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What is the cortex? |
outer region of the node |
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What is the medulla? |
it is located in the internal potion of the gland; most of the medullary cells are macrophages |
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Why are macrophages important |
they phagocytize wastes and ALSO present antigens to T cells so the T cells will recognize the antigens and kill them |
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What is the main purpose for a lymph node? |
to filter blood |
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What are the primary organs of the lymphatic system? |
bone marrow (RBCs); thymus (T cells mature in the thymus) |
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What does a secondary organ do in the lymphatic system |
this is where an immune response is mounted |
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What are the secondary organs? |
lymph nodes, spleen, MALT, GALT, Peyers patches, Tonsils |
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What is MALT? |
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue |
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What is GALT? |
gut-associated lymphoid tissue |
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What are Peyers patches |
located in the small intestine |
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What are tonsils? |
contain immune cells: adenoids |
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What is colonal selection? |
it is triggered when an antigen binds to the specific cell-surface receptors of a B or T cell; this causes the lymphocyte to proliferate rapidly forming a clone of like cells, all bearing the same antigen-specific receptors |
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What can B cell clones form? |
memory cells, plasma cells |
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What are plasma cells? |
antibody producing cells |
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What is humoral immunity? |
B cells INDIRECTLY through antibodies that their progeny release into the bloodstream |
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Why are T cell clones more diverse? |
they can also become memory cells; some cells contain cytotoxic T cells; helper T cells; suppressor T cells |
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What are cytotoxic T cells? |
directly attack virus-infected tissue cells |
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What are helper T cells? |
regulatory cells that help activate the B cells and cytotoxic T cells |
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What are suppressor T cells? |
can inhibit the immune reponse |
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What is cellular immunity? |
Since certain T cells can directly destroy cells that are infected with viruses, bacteria or parasites, cancer cells and reject foreign grafts they are said to have cellular immunity |
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In an antibody what different chains do they have? |
heavy chain variable reigon, heavy chain constant region, light chain variable region, light chain constant region; all connected by disulfide bonds |
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NEED TO KNOW FIGURES: 36.1, 36.3, 36.4 |
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