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26 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
What is the optimal blood pH of the human body
7.4 a slight change in pH can lead to death
what will happen if pH is low and CO2 is high
some causes can be possible lung disease acidosis as well as lactic acid build up and ketone body diabetes
what are the main functions of blood
transport oxygen and nutrients removes CO2 and other by products of cell activity help maintain homeostasis growth and tissue repair and defense against infection and participates in hemostasis and participlates in body heat distribution and regulation
what is the composition of blood
the formed element red blood cells and white blood cell and platelets
plasma water electrolytes, proteins carbohygrates and lipid and plasma proteins
hematocrit and how to perform it
it is the percentage of RBC out of the total blood volume to do this you fill the tube centrifuge for five minutes measure total volume and then divide the total volume of RBC by that volume and multiply by 100
why are blood cells shaped the way the are
it is a concave in shape to increase surface area to bind hemoglobin to function as a more efficent gas exchanger and has no nucleus
What are the types of white blood cells are leukocytes
two main types
Granulocytes
-->neutrophils oxidize bacteria
--> eosinophils, attack parasites
-->basophils hypersensitivity reaction
which of the WBC are the most commpn
neutrophils
in the blood lab what method did you use to perform an blood analysis
wright stain method apply stain for 1 min add water for two minutes rinse off with water and blot it with bibulous paper
name the main composition of blood
hopw to you measure frequency of a wave
1/# of periods
how to find beats per minute measuring a recording of someones heart rate
find # of interals/time multiplied by 60 secs
what is a force transducer
it is a device used to measure the electrical signal produced by the heart
name the main composition of blood
How is the anatomy of cardiac muscle cells different from skeletal and smooth muscle cells
1) consist of interlacing bundles like skeletal muscle it is straited but cardiac muscle is narrower and shorter and more rectangular than smooth muscle
2. single nucleus
3. irregularly spaced between dark bands intercalated disc that glue cells together to allow electrical signals to pass through gap junctions makiing the cardiac muscle a functional syncytium
Excitation-contraction coupling (ECC)
is the process whereby an action potential triggers a myocyte to contract. When a myocyte is depolarized by an action potential, calcium ions enter the cell during phase 2 of the action potential through L-type calcium channels located on the sarcolemma. This calcium triggers a subsequent release of calcium that is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) through calcium-release channels
how is heart stimulated and inhibited
norepinephrine increase rate as well as accelerator nerves connected to SA and AV nodes
the heart in inhibited by Ach and vagus nerve connected to SA and AV nodes
atropine
atropine blocks the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at all the nerve endings where the membrane receptors are of the so-called muscarinic type. This includes those of the parasympathetic nervous system in the heart, glandular tissue, and smooth muscle. Thus atropine causes a rise in heart rate and inhibits secretions
Stretching of the heart effects on cardiac output
this is consider the autoregulation by the ventricle filling you get more blood in you can get more blood out this is the ventricular end diastolic pressure the degree of stretch of the ventricular muscle cells just before they contract
define contractility
the intrinsic strength of cardiac muscle
effects of ach on cardiac output
Heart is inhibited by the parasympathetic cardio- inhibitory center releases Ach decreases heart rate and prolongs delay at AV node has little effects on contractility
explain the dual effect of Norepinephrine on cardiac output
basically you will increase cardiac output by increasing the heart rate, but at the same time decreasing it because the ventricles have less time to fill causing a decrease in stroke volume
what is agonist
produces the action antagonist opposes the action
adrenergic receptors
Sympathetic adrenergic nerves innervate the SA and AV nodes, conduction pathways, and myocytes in the heart. These adrenergic nerves release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE), which binds to specific receptors in the target tissue to produce their physiological responses. Neurotransmitter binding to receptors activates signal transduction pathways that cause the observed changes in cardiac function.
cholinergic receptors
the heart is innervated by parasympathetic cholinergic nerves derived from the vagus nerves. Acetylcholine (ACh) released by these fibers binds to muscarinic receptors in the cardiac muscle, especially at the SA and AV nodes that have a large amount of vagal innervation. ACh released by vagus nerve binds to M2 muscarinic receptors, a subclass of cholinergic receptors. This produces negative chronotropy and dromotropy in the heart, as well as negative inotropy and lusitropy in the atria (the negative inotropic and lusitropic effects of vagal stimulation are relatively weak in the ventricles).
what are the three determinant factors the effect blood flow
length of blood vessel diameter and viscosity the most quantitatively important is the radius very small changes in the diameter leads to large changes in resistance