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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Binge Drinking stats |
1 in 6 adults binge drink 4 times a month more common in households with income $75,000 or more 18-24 highest rate 14x more likely to report alcohol impaired drving |
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AUD |
alcohol use disorder problem drinking that becomes severe 7.2% of adults |
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How to diagnose AUD |
11 problems had over the past year - tried to quit but couldn't - inability to function without drinking -continue to drink even when it becomes a problem with family or friends -developed a tolerance for alcohol Need at least 2 symptoms to be mild moderate = 4-5 severe = 6 or more |
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Prevalence of binge drinking by area |
more prevalent in the midwest |
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Moderate v. Binge v. Heavy drinking |
women: moderate = 1/day; binge = 4 or more in one occasion; heavy=8 or more per week men: moderate=2/day; binge= 5 or more in one occasion; heavy= 15 or more per week |
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Who should avoid alcohol completely? |
pregnant women or trying for pregnancy medications that can't mix medical condition worsened by alcohol plan to drive or operate machinery |
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Dangers of mixing alcohol with energy drinks |
caffeine can mask the depressant effects of alcohol caffeine has no effect on the metabolism thus it does not reduce the amount of alcohol in the blood 3x more likely to binge drink |
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Trends in alcohol consumption |
1830 (Temperance movement) - advocated abstinence from alcohol; alcohol associated with lower class 1919 (Prohibition) - outlawed alcohol 1934 - prohibition ended 1830 and 1919 saw dips in alcohol consumption, but 1934 saw a gradual rise but not as high as 1800 |
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Prevalence of alcohol consumption |
10% of americans are binge drinkers 5% are heavy drinkers 52% are regular drinkers |
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Adults v. Underage individuals |
underage are lower than adults but not by much, lower rates of use for females men drink more and engage in more excessive drinking |
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trends in alcohol use |
college students drink more than young adults of the same age people with more education are more likely to drink -high school dropouts are more likely to develop drinking problems |
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Risks of alcohol use |
unintentional injury (5th leading cause of death among adults)- motor vehicle crashes violence - higher rates of suicide attempts than any other drug alcohol poisoning reproductive health |
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Alcohol use and pregnancy |
no known safe amount of alcohol during pregnancy or when trying alcohol can affect a baby throughout pregnancy sooner a woman stops the better for her baby |
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Fetal Alcohol syndrome disorders |
abnormal facial features and CNS problems, growth problems intellectual disability haring, vision, memory, communication problems trouble getting along with others |
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Risks of alcohol use |
chronic diseases -serosis (liver disease) cancers - higher risk for breast cancer for women learning and memory problems - corsical syndrome (?)/ dementia mental health social problems alcohol dependence |
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benefits of alcohol use |
light to moderate drinking associated with reduced risk of developing and dying from heart disease by reducing atherosclerosis and reducing risk of ischemic stroke and diabetes -benefits are stronger for middle-older adults -binge drinking undoes the effects |
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Disease model for problem drinking |
people with drinking problem have alcoholism alcohol dependency syndrome - people have impaired control (DSM-5 view) |
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Role of expectancy in explaining alcohol's effects |
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Cognitive-Physiological theories on problem drinking |
tension-reduction hypothesis: people drink to reduce tension (effects may be driven by expectancies) alcohol myopia model - alcohol makes people focus on salient cues in their environment -self - inflation - inflate good things about self drunken relief - escape from worries *strong evidence supporting the model |
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Social learning model on problem drinking |
conceptualize drinking as a learned behavior; acknowledges role of positive and negative behavior people drink for three reasons - alcohol is associated with positive outcomes - escape from problems (negative reinforcement) - modeling others |
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Changing problem drinking |
most people with an alcohol use disorder can benefit from treatment -more men receive treatment than women (outpatient) - a fraction of people receive treatment self-help groups, behavioral treatment, medication *goals of programs is abstinence |
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Alcoholics Anonymous |
AA is a widely used alcohol treatment believe alcoholism is a disease encourages total abstinence supplies social support and connections evidence for effectiveness is lacking developed in 1930s |
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alcohol counseling (behavioral treatment) |
involve working with a health professional to identify and help change the behaviors that lead to heavy drinking -develop skills to stop -build social support system -set reachable goals -avoid triggers motivational interviewing has been shown to be effective in reducing problem drinking |
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Medications |
disulfiram (Antabuse) - blocks the metabolism of alcohol and thus causes very unpleasant side effect if the individual drinks - if people want to drink, they can just not take the medicine - modestly successful in treating problem drinking |
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Medications |
Naltrexone - attaches to opiate receptors in the brain and prevents their activation; decreases rewards associated with drinking -helps reduce heavy drinking -may be helpful in preventing relapse -modestly successful in treating problem drinkng |
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Medications |
Acamprosate - restores the balance of GABA in the brain of an alcohol dependent person who has recently quit drinking; may decrease craving for alcohol - make it easier to maintain abstinence - modestly successful |
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Are medications trading one addiction for another? |
no, the medications are non-addictive medicines are designed to manage a chronic disease, like diabetes medication |
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Controlled drinking or harm reduction programs |
1960s; minimize the negative consequences of alcohol consumption rather than eliminate drinking itself -moderation management -not common in the US |
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Evidence based interventions to reduce binge drinking and alcohol related harms |
increase beverage costs and increase taxes limit number of liquor selling stores in an area limit days and hours of alcohol sales enforce laws maintain GVT control of liquor sales screening and counseling for alcohol misuse |
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Norm-based interventions (social norms marketing campaigns) |
capitalizes on people's tendencies to look to others for guidance most likely to be effective when the norm is misunderstood -overestimate popularity of drinking -underestimate the popularity of positive behaviors |
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social norms marketing |
college students greatly overestimate how much peers drink -large randomized trial of universities -corrected a normative behavior for all students and corrected an identified misconception |
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sedatives and depressants |
drugs that induce relaxation and intoxication -low doses: people feel relaxed and euphoric -high doses: loss of consciousness, coma, death *barbituates, tranquillizers, opiates, alcohol |
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stimulants |
drugs that induce alertness, reduce feelings of fatigue, elevate mood, and decrease appetite *caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines risks -caffeine- increased nervousness -cocaine - heart attack - amphetamines - paranoia, heart attack, violence |
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hallucinogens |
ecstacy (MDMA) - produces mild hallucinogenic effects and feelings of well-being, euphoria, and empathy with others LSD - produces perceptual distortions, intoxicates |
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Marijuana |
produces feelings of relaxation and euphoria, alters senses and thought processes, has some hallucinogenic properties, impairs memory, judgment, and coordination, increases appetite most commonly used illicit drug -legal in some states -medical use in some states risks - affects brain development; could affect brain connections in teens in memory, learning, and thinking -breathing problems (risk for lung cancer is unknown) |
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Anabolic steroids |
synthetic hormones used to enhance athletic performance; builds muscle and decreases body fat risks - for men: shrinking testicles, reduced sperm count, baldness, risk for prostate cancer -for women: facial hair, baldness, cessation of the menstrual cycle, enlarged clitoris, deepened voice |
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Lifetime use of various drugs |
for people aged 12 or older, alcohol is most common with 82%, cigarettes ares second at 64%, and marijuana is third with 41%, smokeless tobacco is fourth at 18% |
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Trends in drug use |
Marijuana, with continued high rates ofdaily use reported among 12th graders, and ongoing declines in perception ofits harms For the first time, daily marijuana useexceeds daily tobacco cigarette use among 12th graders. Ratesof binge drinking are declining among 12th graders. Non-medical use of the prescriptionamphetamine Adderall, typically given for ADHD, remains high at 7.5 percentamong 12th graders. |
